Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
809 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 70,665 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 513 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9KLB18663
    Stock: 2003802637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 44,992 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Montrose Ford (137 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 137 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    2019 Ford Ranger Lariat the Midlife Crisis You'll Actually EnjoyAh, the 2019 Ford Ranger Lariat. It's not just a truck it's the answer to your What if...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA74491
    Stock: 1C0219A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 96,049 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Allen Chevrolet of Monroe (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Monroe, MI / 33 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    This 2019 Ford Ranger LARIAT, has a exterior and an interior color. 96049 miles. Stock Number PT0064. You can connect with us by calling . No Accid...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH5KLA35828
    Stock: PT0064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,261 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 212 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH0KLA59955
    Stock: 2003753633
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 61,768 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Missoula, MT / 1,521 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,Turbo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH2KLB16804
    Stock: 12837FM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 59,865 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Klamath Falls, OR / 1,922 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Turbo/Supercharged,Wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA23735
    Stock: KLA23735AP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 70,316 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Xtreme Truck and Auto Center (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Coopersville, MI / 122 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Xtreme Truck & Auto Center Sales 1098 O'Malley Dr Coopersville, MI 49404 6**-3**-3*** 2019 FORD RANGER CREW CAB LARIAT 4WD 2.3L I4 TURBO!ALLOYS, NEW T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH6KLA00764
    Stock: KLA00764
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 70,071 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Community Auto Brokers (192 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Crown Point, IN / 192 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH8KLA07859
    Stock: A07859
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 70,417 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Champion Ford (189 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Erie, PA / 189 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH3KLB05859
    Stock: N4190A2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 107,863 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 1,922 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,Power Door L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH0KLA71427
    Stock: KLA71427P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 60,001 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Yalcars Austintown (178 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Austintown, OH / 178 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Discover Your Dream Car at YALCARS! FREE CARFAX History Report: Explore our website to access the full history of your chosen vehicle no strings attac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH0KLA59083
    Stock: A59083
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2024

    • 54,739 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • SVG Chevrolet Buick GMC (150 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Urbana, OH / 150 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    SVG is the Home of the Superior Value Guarantee!!! Qualifying vehicles get a 3 month / 3,000 mile limited warranty, a $500 bonus to its value when tra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH4KLA97690
    Stock: KLA97690D
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2024

    • 54,333 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,206 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4EH7KLA61719
    Stock: 2003722279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 37,917 miles
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • Auto Park Ford Bremen (134 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bremen, IN / 134 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    2019 Ford Ranger 4WD.Recent Arrival!Auto Park Ford, our One Price. One Person. One Hour. Way of purchasing a vehicle. How this benefits you? One Price...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH7KLA06637
    Stock: KLA06637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 102,025 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • North Brothers Ford (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Westland, MI / 23 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FHXKLA62796
    Stock: P25054
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 137,986 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5'1” bed, 2.3l, 4cyl
    • R&R Car Company (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Mount Clemens, MI / 53 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTER4FH9KLA54611
    Stock: A54611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,787
    great price
    $5,929 below market
    • 70,447 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • Driveway (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Plymouth, MI / 19 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,Satellite Radio,V6 Cylinder Engine,5-Speed A/T,Bed Liner,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Running Boards/Side Steps,Gasoline Fue...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTLR4FE0BPA76857
    Stock: BPA76857P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $2,798
    great price
    $3,019 below market
    • 219,619 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • AM Ford (160 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jefferson, OH / 160 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTLR4FE1BPA83137
    Stock: A25192AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $4,987
    good price
    $1,215 below market
    • 173,547 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 3l 6cyl
    • Serra Kia (53 mi away)
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Extended Cab
    • 5000lb Towing Capaci...
    • Audio and cruise con...
    Close

    Located in Washington, MI / 53 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    4 Speakers, ABS brakes, AM/FM radio, Cloth 60/40 Split Bench Seat, Power steering, Variably intermittent wipers.Sonic Blue Clearcoat Metallic 2003 For...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTYR14V43PB41735
    Stock: P24923A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,632
    good price
    $943 below market
    • 38,286 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6'1” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • Germain Hyundai (166 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 166 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    ABS brakes, Alloy wheels, AM/FM Stereo w/MP3/SAT Capable CD, Center Floor Console, Cloth Sport Bucket Seats, Front fog lights, Illuminated entry, Low ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTLR4FE3BPA65805
    Stock: HPBPA65805
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $15,997
    good price
    $862 below market
    • 82,570 miles
    • 6'1” bed, 4l, 6cyl
    • Barber Ford (121 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Holland, MI / 121 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FTLR4FE2BPA18703
    Stock: L570A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

Showing 715 - 735 out of 809 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Ranger

Read recent reviews for the Ford Ranger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
1 out of 5 stars

10 Speed Transmission Issues Ford Ranger

Terry, 06/28/2023
2022 Ford Ranger XLT 4dr SuperCab 4WD SB (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A)
I purchased a new 2022 Ranger XLT extended cab. Ever since I purchased it the 10R80 10-speed transmission can't find it's gears. Engine revs up to 3000rpm from cold start caused with a delay in the transmission finding first gear; gear shifting is hard until you get to cruising speed. Engine vibrates shaking the truck between 10-30mph. Taken the vehicle to the dealer no less than 4 … times; Twice they follow 2 TSB from Ford to reset the computer controlling the transmission. The result is same- no change- problems persist way after time for the computer to 'learn' the computer re-programing. I learned that Ford has had numerous complaints regarding this 10R80 transmission (the product of a partnership between Ford and & GM). No less than two class action lawsuits have been filed regarding this transmission against Ford, one filed in Federal court just this April. Ford appears to care little about fixing the problems by coming out with TSBs to its dealers that don't address the problem. It appears they only want to kick the can down the road, let the warranty end, and leave the buyer holding the bag. I've given up on Ford and will NEVER buy a Ford product again, and I will encourage anyone who asks me to consider at other manufacturers.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Ford Ranger in Ann Arbor, MI Values

Estimated values
2019 Ford Ranger XLT 4dr Crew Cab 4WD SB (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$19,660$21,883$23,871
Clean$19,245$21,399$23,320
Average$18,552$20,592$22,400
Rough$17,652$19,543$21,205

The average list price of a used 2019 Ford Ranger in Ann Arbor, Michigan is $22,739. The average mileage on a used Ford Ranger 2019 for sale in Ann Arbor, Michigan is 82,845. Based on the average mileage of 82,845 for used 2019 Ford Ranger for sale in Ann Arbor, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Ranger 2019 in Ann Arbor, Michigan to be $18,552.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Truck Details

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.