Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
340 listings
  • New Listing
    $29,990
    good price
    $3,573 below market
    74,799 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Carvana - Chicago (150 mi away)
    Free home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 150 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS3TF3EA170809
    Stock: 2002894744
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2024

  • New Listing
    $23,890
    fair price
    $773 below market
    98,515 miles
    8cyl Automatic
    Auto Gallery Chicago (139 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Addison, IL / 139 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2TF2EA161139
    Stock: 161139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2024

  • $22,888
    good price
    $2,673 below market
    97,994 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Chicago Auto Place (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 145 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2TF6FA213261
    Stock: H8677
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2024

  • 117,530 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8cyl Automatic
    Windy City Motors (128 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 128 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    2013 RANGE ROVER HSE SUPERCHARGED-NEW BODY STYLE--HEATED LEATHER SEATS---NAVIGATION---PANORAMIC MOONROOF---HEATED STEERING WHEEL---KEYLESS ENTRY---PUS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2EF0DA123775
    Stock: W5336
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2023

  • Price Drop
    $22,995
    fair price
    $177 below market
    120,155 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    McDonald Kia (89 mi away)
    Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Saginaw, MI / 89 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Range Rover 5.0L V8 Supercharged LWB, 4D Sport Utility, 5.0L V8 Supercharged, 8-Speed Automatic, 4WD, Black, Leat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS3EF0GA289451
    Stock: 45289451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-20-2024

  • New Listing
    $27,000
    good price
    $2,758 below market
    86,235 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Napleton's Aston Martin of Chicago (143 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 143 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Recent Arrival! 2016 Land Rover Range Rover Kaikoura Stone Ebony/Ebony/Ebony/Cirrus w/Grained Leather Seat Trim, LOCAL TRADE , WELL MAINTAINED , GREAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2EF7GA299047
    Stock: PPG4742A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2024

  • 86,055 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Haus of Imports (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lemont, IL / 145 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGV3TF8EA172496
    Stock: 14006
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2024

  • $23,480
    fair price
    $33 below market
    166,344 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Driven Auto Sales (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Burbank, IL / 138 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Vehicle Overview TEXT OR CALL US AT 7**-2**-8*** Driven Auto Sales is pleased to present this 2016 Land Rover Range Rover. This SUV by Land Rover feat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGV2TF4EA177575
    Stock: 14394
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2023

  • Price Drop
    $19,499
    fair price
    $851 below market
    115,305 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use
    6cyl Automatic
    Your Choice Auto Sales of Elgin (147 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Elgin, IL / 147 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE CLIMATE CONTROL PACKAGE CLIMATE COMFORT PACKAGE 4X4 LEATHER NAVIGATION BACKUP CAMERA SUNROOF CD PLAYER KEYLESS ENTRY ALLOY WHEEL GO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2WF3EA150968
    Stock: EYC-150968
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2023

  • Price Drop
    $27,500
    great price
    $9,941 below market
    69,519 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Personal use
    6cyl Automatic
    Elite Motors (120 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waukegan, IL / 120 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    ** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, ** Backup Camera, ** Blind Spot Monitor, ** Bluetooth, Hands Free, ** Brake Assist, *...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGR2FV1HA352134
    Stock: GI25439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2024

  • $29,990
    fair price
    $1,402 above market
    108,565 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Xdrive Autosales (129 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dearborn Heights, MI / 129 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    New in stock, 2014 Land Rover Range Rover Autobiography LWB 4x4 4dr SUV 5.0L V8 Supercharger, this SUV runs great extra clean in and out, One owner cl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGV3TF8EA166939
    Stock: 2031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-18-2024

  • New Listing
    105,061 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    South Shore Jaguar Land Rover (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Crown Point, IN / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Original MSRP $$200,490.00, Svautobiography content Terrain response control, armrest adjusters, Executive rear seating Perforated leather headliner L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGW3EF2GA259937
    Stock: J24236A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2024

  • 55,649 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Chicago Auto Place (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 145 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGV3EF1GA262329
    Stock: H8602
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-29-2024

  • 79,897 miles
    Title issue reported, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Carvana (In-stock online)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 560 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2EF2EA146248
    Stock: 2002756513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2024

  • 76,113 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Land Rover of Naperville (153 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 153 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Beautiful Local Trade In! 2014 Land Rover Range Rover HSE Exterior Colorway Finished in Santorini Black Metallic Ebony Leather Seating and Interior Tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2EF6EA142235
    Stock: R23036A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 142,950 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Auto Works (181 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rockford, IL / 181 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2EF3EA149630
    Stock: 149630
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2024

  • 116,026 miles
    Title issue reported, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Elite Car Outlet (139 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 139 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    a clean solid car!!! Call 6** 7** 9*** we are in ELMHURST IL 26 years same location!!Visit EliteCarOutlet.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2TF3EA174630
    Stock: ms14rover
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2024

  • 115,959 miles
    1 Accident, 5 Owners, Personal use
    8cyl Automatic
    Michigan Auto Financial (133 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dearborn, MI / 133 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    2014 Land Rover Range Rover Supercharged 4x4 Supercharged 4dr SUV *** TAX SEASON SALE *** LIMITED TIME ONLY *** Engine V8 5.0L Supercharger Transmissi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2TF9EA163907
    Stock: 163907
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-11-2023

  • $27,995
    great price
    $7,212 below market
    75,750 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8cyl Automatic
    Exclusive Auto Haus (140 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roselle, IL / 140 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2TFXFA219788
    Stock: EX219788
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2024

  • Price Drop
    54,076 miles
    2 Accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    6cyl Automatic
    Driveway (129 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 129 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2VF9GA247922
    Stock: GA247922TJ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 88,861 miles
    3 Accidents, 4 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8cyl Automatic
    Dream Automotive Group (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Shelby Township, MI / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    This 2014 Land Rover Range Rover Supercharged features:

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALGS2EFXEA150094
    Stock: 5173
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2023

Showing 1 - 21 out of 340 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover

Read recent reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars9 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 9 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great SUV!

nautictalk, 12/30/2013
2014 Land Rover Range Rover Supercharged 4dr SUV 4WD w/Prod. End 12/31 (5.0L 8cyl S/C 8A)
Long time owner of RR's. Just sold my 2006 SC edition and it was the best car I have ever owned. Reliabilty throughout my ownership was stellar. Never had a significant issue. I currently also own a BMW 750 and 650. And have owned other premium vehicles in the past. And as I said the RR was the best of the lot. I just took delivery of a 2014 full size RR SC with every option except the … towing package. This is by far the best RR. It's fast, comfy and execution in materials and fit/finish is flawless. I love it. That being said, there are a few areas of improvement needed. Should be no Eco auto on. Navigation could be improved. And rear hatch cover can be improved. Great SUV!
Report abuse

Used 2014 Land Rover Range Rover in Grand Rapids, MI Values

Estimated values
2014 Land Rover Range Rover Supercharged LWB 4dr SUV 4WD (5.0L 8cyl S/C 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,691$22,268$25,984
Clean$16,089$21,391$24,874
Average$15,086$19,928$23,024
Rough$13,782$18,026$20,619

The average list price of a used 2014 Land Rover Range Rover in Grand Rapids, Michigan is $28,137. The average mileage on a used Land Rover Range Rover 2014 for sale in Grand Rapids, Michigan is 97,684. Based on the average mileage of 97,684 for used 2014 Land Rover Range Rover for sale in Grand Rapids, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Land Rover Range Rover 2014 in Grand Rapids, Michigan to be $15,086.

Select Buying Experience
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

340 cars
|
$62,611 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Electric Vehicle Details

EPA Range

For new vehicles, this is the distance you can expect to travel on a full charge. EPA advises this range should be used for comparison purposes only. Actual range will vary depending on the condition of this vehicle’s battery pack, how you drive, driving conditions and other factors.
to
EPA Range

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.