Skip to FiltersReport abuse
4,232 listings
- $20,990
- 41,263 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 33 City / 42 Hwy MPG
- Ray Skillman Mazda West (219 mi away)
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 219 miles away from Lansing, MI
White Pearl 2023 Hyundai Elantra SE 15" x 6.0J Alloy Wheels, Air Conditioning, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto, Brake assist, Cloth Seat Trim, Electronic...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (33 City/42 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLL4AG5PH102043
Stock: JH1928
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-16-2025 - New Listing
- 60,827 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Columbus (207 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Columbus, OH / 207 miles away from Lansing, MI
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLS4AG2PU417791
Stock: 2003767588
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-27-2025 - $20,990
- 44,311 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 33 City / 42 Hwy MPG
- Ray Skillman Mazda West (219 mi away)
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 219 miles away from Lansing, MI
White Pearl 2023 Hyundai Elantra SE 15" x 6.0J Alloy Wheels, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto, Brake assist, Cloth Seat Trim, Electronic Stability Control...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (33 City/42 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLL4AG8PH102344
Stock: JH1927
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-16-2025 - 43,858 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Kings Kia (238 mi away)
Close
Located in Cincinnati, OH / 238 miles away from Lansing, MI
CARFAX One-Owner. Remote Start, Bluetooth, Rear View Camera, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto. 30/40 City/Highway MPG Clean CARFAX.At Kings Kia we pride...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG1PU377732
Stock: PU377732
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-21-2025- New Listing
- 30,252 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- CarMax White Marsh (482 mi away)
Close
Located in White Marsh, MD / 482 miles away from Lansing, MI
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLP4AG0PU463007
Stock: 27320068
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 13,000 miles
- Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Fred's Executive Auto (475 mi away)
Close
Located in Woodbridge, VA / 475 miles away from Lansing, MI
This Vehicle s Driver side has been Repaired. Looking for a used car at an affordable price? You won t want to miss this excellent value! A comfortabl...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: Yes
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLS4AG1PH118713
Stock: P118713
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-26-2025- New Listing
- 18,837 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Napleton Downtown Hyundai (168 mi away)
Close
Located in Chicago, IL / 168 miles away from Lansing, MI
The Napleton Auto Group promotes a no pressure buying experience that puts the customer in charge of the buying process, and for over 80 years, the Na...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLS4AG9PU409574
Stock: H25109A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-31-2025 - Price Drop$29,975
- 24,258 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Auto Group of Louisville (318 mi away)
Close
Located in Louisville, KY / 318 miles away from Lansing, MI
***1-OWNER CARFAX CERTIFIED***ALL SERVICE RECORDS***ANDROID/APPLE CARPLAY***8-SPEAKERS + SUB***Get ready to rev up your engines and hit the road in st...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLW4AK9PU013508
Stock: U013508
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 29,528 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Dean Team Hyundai (424 mi away)
Close
Located in Ballwin, MO / 424 miles away from Lansing, MI
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLS4AG9PU552637
Stock: 37573
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-11-2024 - New Listing$29,590
- 27,020 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG, Manual
- Carvana - Cincinnati (251 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Cincinnati, OH / 251 miles away from Lansing, MI
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLW4AKXPU013727
Stock: 2003704666
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-05-2025 - Price Drop
- 8,065 miles
- Manufacturer buyback reported, 2 owners, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Majeski Motors of Sterling (270 mi away)
Close
Located in Sterling, IL / 270 miles away from Lansing, MI
At Majeski Motors we now offer 4 great locations to serve you better than ever before in Sterling, Dixon, Rochelle and now Sycamore! With over 350 veh...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLP4AG1PU536546
Stock: 13155
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-11-2025 - 34,546 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Morlan Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (485 mi away)
Close
Located in Sikeston, MO / 485 miles away from Lansing, MI
** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, ** Bluetooth, Hands Free, ** Premium Sound System / Premium Audio, ** Stability Contr...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AGXPU386946
Stock: DP-6478
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 11-19-2024- New Listing
- 16,670 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- College Park Hyundai (474 mi away)
Close
Located in College Park, MD / 474 miles away from Lansing, MI
Fluid Metal exterior and Black interior. Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Alloy Wheels, CARPETED FLOOR MATS, Back-Up Ca...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG1PU468659
Stock: PU468659
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-03-2025 - 15,384 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Matthews Hyundai Syracuse (428 mi away)
Close
Located in Syracuse, NY / 428 miles away from Lansing, MI
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG1PU377116
Stock: EC4457A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 05-16-2025- New Listing
- 52,880 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 49 City / 52 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Cleveland (169 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Cleveland, OH / 169 miles away from Lansing, MI
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
50 Combined MPG (49 City/52 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLN4AJ3PU035529
Stock: 2003750615
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-03-2025 - New Listing
- 54,781 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Frederick (459 mi away)
Close
Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 459 miles away from Lansing, MI
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLS4AG9PH089154
Stock: 26827193
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $29,997
- 36,639 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Napleton Ford of Oak Lawn (179 mi away)
Close
Located in Oak Lawn, IL / 179 miles away from Lansing, MI
20/30 City/Highway MPG ** Heated Seats, ** Keyless Entry, ** Keyless Start, ** LED Headlights, ** Leather Seats, ** Sunroof/Moonroof, ** DUAL CLUTCH T...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLW4AK4PU009964
Stock: OFP10046
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-12-2025 - 65,000 miles
- Frame damage reported, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Fred's Executive Auto (475 mi away)
Close
Located in Woodbridge, VA / 475 miles away from Lansing, MI
What a great deal on this 2023 Hyundai! A comfortable ride with room to spare! This 4 door, 5 passenger sedan still has fewer than 70,000 miles! Top f...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: Yes
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLM4AG6PH103795
Stock: P103795
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-25-2025- New Listing
- 36,545 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Taylor Hyundai of Toledo (85 mi away)
Close
Located in Toledo, OH / 85 miles away from Lansing, MI
EquipmentThis small car comes equipped with Android Auto for seamless smartphone integration on the road. Protect this model from unwanted acc...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLM4AG3PH093453
Stock: K191110A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-30-2025 - New Listing
- 55,843 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Louisville (317 mi away)
Close
Located in Louisville, KY / 317 miles away from Lansing, MI
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLR4AF5PU493847
Stock: 26845917
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 28,834 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- McCluskey Chevrolet (238 mi away)
Close
Located in Cincinnati, OH / 238 miles away from Lansing, MI
Call McCluskey Chevrolet at 513-741-1111 to schedule your Free 48 Hour Test Drive.MCCLUSKEY CHEVROLET'S FREE LIFETIME MECHANICAL WARRANTY Unlimited ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG2PU563831
Stock: A56869PT
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-01-2025
Showing 190 - 210 out of 4,232 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Hyundai Elantra
Read recent reviews for the Hyundai Elantra
My 23 Elantra HEV Limited STILL a very good choice
Steve M, 02/27/2023
2023 Hyundai Elantra Limited 4dr Sedan (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM)
5th Update: Have 40K on it in only 2 years. It has been flawless. Still looks great. Still getting low to mid 50s MPG. Heck, at sea level in the Florida Keys it got 65 MPG!
4th UPDATE: I now have 32K on it and it runs like new. Still getting 52MPG overall. Nothing wrong has happened. Still very happy with it.
3rd UPDATE: I have put 16,000 miles over the last year. It averages about … 48mpg in the winter and 52 in the summer. The car has had zero issues to date. Tires are wearing evenly and well. It is comfortable on 16hr drives to/from florida. It has decent power from a stop and passing...for a hybrid. My Hyundai dealership has been good too with the free oil changes and tire rotations. So, to sum up, still very happy with my purchase.
I have only driven this car for about 350 miles, so this is my initial thoughts on this car. I will update this review and the miles/time increase.
1. Looks-This car is a bright red and looks sharp. The interior also looks pretty nice, but the hard plastics at the top of the doors is a head scratcher. Why put hard plastic at all? Now...keeping it looking new will be easy, and it obviously won't get tears or dents, like leather or softer materials. It just seems odd they made that choice.
2. Performance-The Elantra HEV hybrid power systems blend perfectly into the 6speed dual clutch transmission. The power shifting and blending between gas and electric motors is seemless/smooth. It has decent pickup for a hybrid, with my timed 0-60 time at about 8.5 sec. The ride is exceptionally smooth over rough Ohio roads filled w potholes/cracks. It even has enough power for towing 1100lb or less (although, I won't be towing anything). MPG of 49/50/52 is pretty dang good. At $3.00/gallon, it costs me $33 to fill up from completely empty with my 11 gal tank...and gives me over 570 miles range on the highway! When calculated, that comes to 6 cents per mile (rounded up).
3. Comfort-The leather seats are decent. I have owned many luxury cars with better leather seats, but these seem comfortable enough so far. The drivers cockpit has a decent amount of space for a compact car. I am able to get into a very comfortable driving position. My last car had 30 way adjustments. This feels like it will be adequate even with only 6 way adjustable drivers seat. The front seats are heated AND cooled. The rear seats have adequate leg and head space for even taller people. It also has a sunroof; dual side controls for heat/AC; Easy entry/exit of car, even for bigger people
4. Tech (Get ready...its a long list)-Smart key(keep keys in your pocket); Digital Key (Hyundai is the only car company that offers it at this price point. It means I can turn my Android phone into a key that will open/lock and drive the car if I lose/forget my smart key That is a handy thing to have if you lose your key or just want one less thing in your pocket/purse; Remote start from key or phone app (if you're in the center of a building, you can still start it); Adaptive cruise w Stop & Go; Collision and Pedestrian Detection/Avoidance; Cyclist turning detection/avoidance; Lane keeping Assist (that is really a semi-autonomous driving feature); Rear back up collision warning and braking; back up camera; battery reset from Hybrid battery (if your starting battery gets to weak from sitting or something else, you can use the hybrid battery to jumpstart the car by using a simple switch); Brake Assist, Hill Hold Control and Electric Parking Brake; Voice Activated Dual Zone Front Automatic Air Conditioning; Power drivers seat w 2 person memory settings; multi configurable dashboard and vehicle settings; Entertainment/radio with 8 speaker Bose speakers (sounds pretty good for a Hyundai); Apple Carplay and Android Auto; Wireless phone charger
5. Value-It comes with a 5 year/60k miles Bumper-Bumper Warranty. 2 years better that most other car companies; All the tech, performance, comfort and better warranty for the same price range or better than other compact cars, like Prius and hybrid Corolla/Insight; 3 years of scheduled maintenance FREE
Things I didn't like/thought they could do better:
1. The seat handle on the L side of the passenger seat...WHY???
2. No Homelink for garage door
3. While it has Apple and Android systems, they are not wireless. You need a phone cord.
4. The before mentioned plastic on the interior top of the doors.
Overall, I am thrilled with this car so far with it's Performance, MPG, Amazing amount of Tech, Comfort and it's Warranty (I even upgraded to the transferable extended bumper to bumper for 10 years/150K miles). Outside of regular maintenance and normal wearable items(tires, brakes, etc), I won't have to pay for a repair for 10 years.
UPDATE: Ok, at 700 miles and 1 month so far and everything is still accurate. It is getting right at 50mpg with mix of highway and city. Love the fact it cost $33 to go over 550 miles. So far, a great choice.
2nd UPDATE: At 4K miles now. Car is still flawless. No issues at all. As it's gotten warmer, the MPGs have gone up. Getting 56MPG in mixed driving at times, usually closer to 55. The semi-auto driving is nice to have and works pretty well...but don't trust it 100%. Not on ANY car. This hybrid has really good pick-up for such good MPG. As far as Tech...It really comes in handy to be able to drive the car with your cell phone as the key. I'm sticking with my initial impression and highly recommend you buy one if value, great MPGs, smooth ride, decent power, great tech, reliable, good looks and a comfortable car matter to you.
Used 2023 Hyundai Elantra in Lansing, MI Values
Estimated values
2023 Hyundai Elantra SE 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl CVT) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $13,554 | $14,962 | $16,554 |
| Clean | $13,383 | $14,753 | $16,301 |
| Average | $13,098 | $14,405 | $15,880 |
| Rough | $12,727 | $13,953 | $15,332 |
The average list price of a used 2023 Hyundai Elantra in Lansing, Michigan is $22,353. The average mileage on a used Hyundai Elantra 2023 for sale in Lansing, Michigan is 35,159. Based on the average mileage of 35,159 for used 2023 Hyundai Elantra for sale in Lansing, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Hyundai Elantra 2023 in Lansing, Michigan to be $13,098.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.