Skip to FiltersReport abuse
2,061 listings
- $21,990fair price
- 36,594 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 53 City / 56 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (185 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
54 Combined MPG (53 City/56 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AJ9PU039474
Stock: 2003728520
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-20-2025 - New Listing$20,293fair price
- 22,297 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Humble Hyundai (144 mi away)
Close
Located in Humble, TX / 144 miles away from Austin, TX
2023 Hyundai Elantra SEL w/only 22,297 miles, 2.0L 4-Cylinder Engine, Intelligent Variable Transmission. SHIMMERING SILVER PEARL(SILVER) Exterior with...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLS4AG4PH096934
Stock: T096934A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-10-2025 - New Listing$19,693fair price
- 33,872 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Humble Hyundai (144 mi away)
Close
Located in Humble, TX / 144 miles away from Austin, TX
Recent Arrival! 2023 Hyundai Elantra SEL I4 CVT FWD Intense Blue ***NEW ARRIVAL!!!***** BACK UP CAMERA **, ** BLUETOOTH WIRELESS **, ** FRESHLY DETA...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG6PU396518
Stock: T396518
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-19-2025 - 10,281 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (185 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLM4AG9PH088211
Stock: 2003622445
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-10-2025- New Listing$21,998
- 15,201 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 33 City / 42 Hwy MPG
- CarMax North Houston (135 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 135 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
37 Combined MPG (33 City/42 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLL4AG4PU536407
Stock: 27599238
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 18,354 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Mercedes-Benz of Waco (94 mi away)
Close
Located in Waco, TX / 94 miles away from Austin, TX
Carpeted Floor MatsMudguardsLane Keeping AssistRear Bumper AppliqueKeyless StartCargo NetIntense BlueMedium Gray; Cloth Seat TrimOption Group ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG1PU396037
Stock: PU396037
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-23-2025- 14,903 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Texas Stadium (Irving) (186 mi away)
Close
Located in Irving, TX / 186 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLM4AG0PH105025
Stock: 27202047
Certified Pre-Owned: No- 7,617 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (185 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLP4AG8PU563288
Stock: 2003769608
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-13-2025- 3,056 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
- CarMax North Houston (135 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 135 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLR4AF0PU587537
Stock: 27349362
Certified Pre-Owned: No- 17,455 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Tyler (199 mi away)
Close
Located in Tyler, TX / 199 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLM4AG1PH115000
Stock: 26811871
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing
- 18,851 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Hulen Mall (170 mi away)
Close
Located in Fort Worth, TX / 170 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLS4AGXPU557071
Stock: 27139226
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 15,138 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 53 City / 56 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Gulf Freeway (154 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 154 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
54 Combined MPG (53 City/56 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AJ9PU079036
Stock: 27480153
Certified Pre-Owned: No- 36,064 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- EchoPark Automotive Houston (Southwest Freeway) (132 mi away)
Close
Located in Stafford, TX / 132 miles away from Austin, TX
At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AG3PU454228
Stock: PPU454228
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-21-2025- New Listing$22,999fair price
- 35,175 miles
- 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Texan Hyundai (122 mi away)
Close
Located in Rosenberg, TX / 122 miles away from Austin, TX
Recent Arrival!Certified. Gray 2023 Hyundai Elantra Limited FWD CVT I4 Clean CARFAX. 17" x 7.0J Alloy Wheels, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 8 Speakers, ABS b...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLP4AG9PU416672
Stock: S0083
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-23-2025 - New Listing
- 21,342 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 53 City / 56 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Houston (130 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 130 miles away from Austin, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
54 Combined MPG (53 City/56 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLM4AJ2PU072171
Stock: 2003807712
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-19-2025 - New Listing
- 29,936 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Texan Hyundai (122 mi away)
Close
Located in Rosenberg, TX / 122 miles away from Austin, TX
Gray 2023 Hyundai Elantra SEL FWD CVT I4 Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. 16" x 6.5J Alloy Wheels, 2nd Row USB Charge Port, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Spea...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLS4AG9PU505429
Stock: 26083A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-02-2025 - New Listing$29,998
- 14,200 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG, Manual
- Kia of North Austin (16 mi away)
Close
Located in Austin, TX / 16 miles away from Austin, TX
2023 Performance Blue Hyundai Elantra N 2.0L Turbocharged 6-Speed Manual FWDRecent Arrival! 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 8 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Conditi...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLW4AK9PU009913
Stock: PU009913P
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-23-2025 - New Listing
- 31,713 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (185 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLS4AGXPH090121
Stock: 2003772373
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-19-2025 - 56,956 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- CarMax Gulf Freeway (154 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 154 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLM4AG3PH103799
Stock: 27407342
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing
- 48,956 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Dallas (185 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: 5NPLS4AG3PH092888
Stock: 2003766340
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-03-2025 - New Listing
- 31,241 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
- Arlington DriveTime (176 mi away)
Close
Located in Arlington, TX / 176 miles away from Austin, TX
Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: KMHLS4AG6PU573185
Stock: 1040286817
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-19-2025
Showing 43 - 63 out of 2,061 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Hyundai Elantra
Read recent reviews for the Hyundai Elantra
My 23 Elantra HEV Limited STILL a very good choice
Steve M, 02/27/2023
2023 Hyundai Elantra Limited 4dr Sedan (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM)
5th Update: Have 40K on it in only 2 years. It has been flawless. Still looks great. Still getting low to mid 50s MPG. Heck, at sea level in the Florida Keys it got 65 MPG!
4th UPDATE: I now have 32K on it and it runs like new. Still getting 52MPG overall. Nothing wrong has happened. Still very happy with it.
3rd UPDATE: I have put 16,000 miles over the last year. It averages about … 48mpg in the winter and 52 in the summer. The car has had zero issues to date. Tires are wearing evenly and well. It is comfortable on 16hr drives to/from florida. It has decent power from a stop and passing...for a hybrid. My Hyundai dealership has been good too with the free oil changes and tire rotations. So, to sum up, still very happy with my purchase.
I have only driven this car for about 350 miles, so this is my initial thoughts on this car. I will update this review and the miles/time increase.
1. Looks-This car is a bright red and looks sharp. The interior also looks pretty nice, but the hard plastics at the top of the doors is a head scratcher. Why put hard plastic at all? Now...keeping it looking new will be easy, and it obviously won't get tears or dents, like leather or softer materials. It just seems odd they made that choice.
2. Performance-The Elantra HEV hybrid power systems blend perfectly into the 6speed dual clutch transmission. The power shifting and blending between gas and electric motors is seemless/smooth. It has decent pickup for a hybrid, with my timed 0-60 time at about 8.5 sec. The ride is exceptionally smooth over rough Ohio roads filled w potholes/cracks. It even has enough power for towing 1100lb or less (although, I won't be towing anything). MPG of 49/50/52 is pretty dang good. At $3.00/gallon, it costs me $33 to fill up from completely empty with my 11 gal tank...and gives me over 570 miles range on the highway! When calculated, that comes to 6 cents per mile (rounded up).
3. Comfort-The leather seats are decent. I have owned many luxury cars with better leather seats, but these seem comfortable enough so far. The drivers cockpit has a decent amount of space for a compact car. I am able to get into a very comfortable driving position. My last car had 30 way adjustments. This feels like it will be adequate even with only 6 way adjustable drivers seat. The front seats are heated AND cooled. The rear seats have adequate leg and head space for even taller people. It also has a sunroof; dual side controls for heat/AC; Easy entry/exit of car, even for bigger people
4. Tech (Get ready...its a long list)-Smart key(keep keys in your pocket); Digital Key (Hyundai is the only car company that offers it at this price point. It means I can turn my Android phone into a key that will open/lock and drive the car if I lose/forget my smart key That is a handy thing to have if you lose your key or just want one less thing in your pocket/purse; Remote start from key or phone app (if you're in the center of a building, you can still start it); Adaptive cruise w Stop & Go; Collision and Pedestrian Detection/Avoidance; Cyclist turning detection/avoidance; Lane keeping Assist (that is really a semi-autonomous driving feature); Rear back up collision warning and braking; back up camera; battery reset from Hybrid battery (if your starting battery gets to weak from sitting or something else, you can use the hybrid battery to jumpstart the car by using a simple switch); Brake Assist, Hill Hold Control and Electric Parking Brake; Voice Activated Dual Zone Front Automatic Air Conditioning; Power drivers seat w 2 person memory settings; multi configurable dashboard and vehicle settings; Entertainment/radio with 8 speaker Bose speakers (sounds pretty good for a Hyundai); Apple Carplay and Android Auto; Wireless phone charger
5. Value-It comes with a 5 year/60k miles Bumper-Bumper Warranty. 2 years better that most other car companies; All the tech, performance, comfort and better warranty for the same price range or better than other compact cars, like Prius and hybrid Corolla/Insight; 3 years of scheduled maintenance FREE
Things I didn't like/thought they could do better:
1. The seat handle on the L side of the passenger seat...WHY???
2. No Homelink for garage door
3. While it has Apple and Android systems, they are not wireless. You need a phone cord.
4. The before mentioned plastic on the interior top of the doors.
Overall, I am thrilled with this car so far with it's Performance, MPG, Amazing amount of Tech, Comfort and it's Warranty (I even upgraded to the transferable extended bumper to bumper for 10 years/150K miles). Outside of regular maintenance and normal wearable items(tires, brakes, etc), I won't have to pay for a repair for 10 years.
UPDATE: Ok, at 700 miles and 1 month so far and everything is still accurate. It is getting right at 50mpg with mix of highway and city. Love the fact it cost $33 to go over 550 miles. So far, a great choice.
2nd UPDATE: At 4K miles now. Car is still flawless. No issues at all. As it's gotten warmer, the MPGs have gone up. Getting 56MPG in mixed driving at times, usually closer to 55. The semi-auto driving is nice to have and works pretty well...but don't trust it 100%. Not on ANY car. This hybrid has really good pick-up for such good MPG. As far as Tech...It really comes in handy to be able to drive the car with your cell phone as the key. I'm sticking with my initial impression and highly recommend you buy one if value, great MPGs, smooth ride, decent power, great tech, reliable, good looks and a comfortable car matter to you.
Used 2023 Hyundai Elantra in Austin, TX Values
Estimated values
2023 Hyundai Elantra Blue 4dr Sedan (1.6L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 6AM) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $18,658 | $20,436 | $22,447 |
| Clean | $18,422 | $20,151 | $22,104 |
| Average | $18,030 | $19,676 | $21,533 |
| Rough | $17,520 | $19,059 | $20,790 |
The average list price of a used 2023 Hyundai Elantra in Austin, Texas is $22,650. The average mileage on a used Hyundai Elantra 2023 for sale in Austin, Texas is 24,724. Based on the average mileage of 24,724 for used 2023 Hyundai Elantra for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Hyundai Elantra 2023 in Austin, Texas to be $18,030.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.