Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,885 listings

Save with BMW X5 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • New Listing
    • 85,448 miles
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Car Hunter Express (307 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Highland Park, IL / 307 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C58KLL52739
    Stock: 1063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,999
    good price
    $2,571 below market
    • 83,830 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Guaranteed Motor Cars - Lake Villa (297 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lake Villa, IL / 297 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C01LLL82140
    Stock: LV395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $11,000
    great price
    $3,196 below market
    • 149,618 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Anthony's Exotics KC (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Grain Valley, MO / 180 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR6C53G0J81130
    Stock: N-J81130
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,995
    good price
    $1,414 below market
    • 81,200 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Drivetime Auto Sales (260 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sycamore, IL / 260 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Drive Time Auto Sales Sales 1625 Dekalb Ave Sycamore, IL 60*** 8**-4**-7375 Introducing the sleek and stylish SILVER 2018 BMW X5, the ultimate fusion ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C57J0X90676
    Stock: 10372
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,000
    good price
    $1,599 below market
    • 105,174 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Tom Gray Auto Sales (483 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 483 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Get ready to embark on the ultimate driving experience with this sleek and powerful Black 2018 BMW X5. This car is equipped with a 3.0L DOHC I-6 24V T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR2C50J0Z16453
    Stock: 3405
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,495
    great price
    $2,836 below market
    • 60,317 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Ali Luxury Motors (306 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Glenview, IL / 306 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C54G0S93433
    Stock: A1384
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,980
    good price
    $3,282 below market
    • 74,424 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 513 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    ONE OF A KIND, HYPER LOADED W/ 3RD ROW, DYNAMIC HANDLING PACK, MORE! Nav, Heated/VENTILATED Seats, Power Liftgate, AWD, Panoramic Roof, LUXURY PACK, E...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C57J0Y06021
    Stock: B77387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $39,998
    good price
    $2,392 below market
    • 30,105 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Martin Buick GMC (410 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Carmel, IN / 410 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C03LLL66392
    Stock: 5P8604
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • $30,999
    good price
    $1,578 below market
    • 74,563 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (2 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 2 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C02L9B81556
    Stock: L9B81556NT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,995
    fair price
    $843 below market
    • 76,702 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Bunt Motors (307 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Northbrook, IL / 307 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Non-smoker owner, Smooth ride, All records in possession, Regularly maintained, Seats as good as new, Vehicle Runs Well, Available Satellite Radio

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C55J0Y03425
    Stock: 451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 69,981 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 767 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C5XJL074109
    Stock: 2003806033
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 104,332 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 14 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Pulse Autos (423 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 423 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    MECHANICAL Engine: 2.0L DOHC I-4 16V 3.154 Axle Ratio GVWR: 6,570 lbs Engine Auto Stop-Start Feature Full-Time All-Wheel 90-Amp/Hr Maintenance-Free Ba...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (23 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKT0C50J0W04140
    Stock: W04140
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-04-2025

  • $15,980
    fair price
    $48 below market
    • 126,135 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Driven Auto Sales (308 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Burbank, IL / 308 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Vehicle Overview TEXT OR CALL US AT 7**-2**-8*** Driven Auto Sales is pleased to present this 2018 BMW X5. This SUV by BMW features the xDrive35i trim...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C50JL072434
    Stock: 15066
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2024

  • New Listing
    $11,900
    good price
    $1,002 below market
    • 148,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Automay Car Sales (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 469 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C50G0P22597
    Stock: 2016 BMW X5 XDrive35i
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $27,775
    fair price
    $1,006 below market
    • 33,720 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Lafayette (368 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lafayette, IN / 368 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**EXCELLENT CONTITION**PREMIUM PACKAGE**ACC STOP AND GO**DRIVER ASST AND DRIVER ASST PLUS PACKAGE**NAVIGATION**BACK UP CAMERA**HARMON...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C5XJ0X88016
    Stock: 68322A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • $11,500
    good price
    $1,039 below market
    • 148,672 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Chandler (439 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chandler, OK / 439 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    CALL NOW!!! FOR HUGE SAVINGS CALL NOW!!! 405-258-1616 ASK ABOUT OUR NEGATIVE EQUITY ELIMINATER DEALS. SAVINGS THAT CAN'T BE BEAT. DONT MISS OUT CALL N...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C56G0P22961
    Stock: P7937A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $30,500
    good price
    $1,234 below market
    • 65,846 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarWise Gurnee (302 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 302 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C02L9B84795
    Stock: GL29095
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • $36,900
    good price
    $1,727 below market
    • 73,718 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarWise Gurnee (302 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 302 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C02L9B65996
    Stock: G29225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $21,299
    fair price
    $18 below market
    • 96,217 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • National Auto (301 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Muskego, WI / 301 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR6C55JL069421
    Stock: MW067421
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • $17,000
    fair price
    $1,006 below market
    • 83,834 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • AutoGiant USA (417 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 417 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    Black Sapphire Metallic 2016 BMW X5 xDrive35i AWD 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo 8-Speed Automatic*PANORAMIC ROOF*, *DVD ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM*, *HEA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C52G0U08613
    Stock: K0U08613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $30,198
    fair price
    $579 below market
    • 59,560 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Auto Campus (326 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 326 miles away from Des Moines, IA

    2020 BMW X5 sDrive40i, located at Mercedes-Benz of Wichita. Original MSRP $66,695. Dark Graphite Metallic with Ivory White Leather interior. This X5 i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C02LLW64212
    Stock: 57M1168T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 1,885 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars40 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 40 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
5 out of 5 stars

BMW X5 35d

Kim C, 11/18/2019
2018 BMW X5 xDrive35d 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbodiesel 8A)
Outstanding torque and mileage. After 18,000 miles, the average mpg is 28.4. We have averaged 80 mph for 600 miles at over 31 mpg. No repairs, just yearly fluid changes. Very comfortable, quiet and a great all around vehicle. After 31,000 miles no issues and average mileage almost 29. We really enjoy the diesel performance and mileage over the gas equivalent. Too bad they have gone away … in the US. With the diesel X5 no longer available we switched to a 2021 X5 plug-in hybrid. It did not compare well to the diesel and we traded it for another brand after six months. The extra weight of the battery and the soft ride did not feel like the ultimate driving machine. Maybe we should have tried one of the gas only powered ones.
Report abuse

Used 2019 BMW X5 in Des Moines, IA Values

Estimated values
2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,295$23,852$26,123
Clean$20,846$23,345$25,563
Average$20,097$22,500$24,630
Rough$19,124$21,401$23,416

The average list price of a used 2019 BMW X5 in Des Moines, Iowa is $22,909. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 2019 for sale in Des Moines, Iowa is 87,215. Based on the average mileage of 87,215 for used 2019 BMW X5 for sale in Des Moines, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 2019 in Des Moines, Iowa to be $20,097.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.