Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
909 listings
  • 12,222 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 845 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTABC5JH230737
    Stock: 25009198
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    15,591 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sicklersville, NJ / 2,394 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTADC4JH301360
    Stock: 25654565
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    18,325 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax Oxnard - Now offering Express Pickup and Home Delivery (71 mi away)
    Free delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 71 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAMC0L8252855
    Stock: 25896926
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    43,084 miles
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 1,719 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTALC6JH279900
    Stock: 25806345
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    77,981 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Driveway (In-stock online)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Medford, OR / 645 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Seats,Navigati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAMC0JH343220
    Stock: 343220A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 71,043 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax LAX - Now offering Express Pickup and Home Delivery (23 mi away)
    Free delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 23 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GPABCXG8306031
    Stock: 25615096
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 22,830 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 1,774 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAJC2J8232012
    Stock: 25118823
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 29,006 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax Escondido - Now offering Express Pickup and Home Delivery (70 mi away)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Escondido, CA / 70 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAECXLH246608
    Stock: 25088456
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,763
    good price
    $1,725 below market
    81,551 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Driveway (In-stock online)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Cranberry, PA / 2,126 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Departure Warning...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTADC0J8350331
    Stock: T350331A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 102,263 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 2,181 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAAC9JH239216
    Stock: 25766822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 32,385 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 2,268 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTABC4JH328027
    Stock: 25754658
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 64,668 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Driveway (In-stock online)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cranberry, PA / 2,126 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Departur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTALC1JH233357
    Stock: T233357A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 38,425 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Charlottesville, VA / 2,218 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAAC8JH224657
    Stock: 25122978
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,590
    fair price
    $740 above market
    42,056 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Carvana (In-stock online)
    Free home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 2,386 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAJC5J8200767
    Stock: 2002864993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2024

  • 59,110 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Carvana (In-stock online)
    Free home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,789 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTABC3JH219865
    Stock: 2002818324
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2024

  • Price Drop
    58,251 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 2,281 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTABC9JH303950
    Stock: 25282174
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,998
    fair price
    $921 above market
    67,273 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in East Haven, CT / 2,498 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAMC6JH214110
    Stock: 25165900
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 57,333 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    CarMax (In-stock online)
    Delivery available*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 402 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTADC0J8336123
    Stock: 25582481
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 70,358 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Quantum Auto Sales of Escondido (70 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Escondido, CA / 70 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTALC8JH336470
    Stock: 336470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2024

  • Price Drop
    $14,350
    great price
    $3,368 below market
    124,883 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Plug In Auto West Covina (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in West Covina, CA / 20 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTAMC4K8250833
    Stock: K8250833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2024

  • 99,539 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Pacific Auto Center (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fontana, CA / 39 miles away from Garden Grove, CA

    **CLEAN CARFAX**, **ONE OWNER CARFAX**, **AWD**, **POWER WINDOWS**, **POWER DOOR LOCKS**, **BACK-UP CAMERA**, **TOW PACKAGE**. 2.0L 16V DOHC Lineartro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF2GTADC3JH293669
    Stock: 49808
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-21-2023

Showing 64 - 84 out of 909 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Subaru Crosstrek

Read recent reviews for the Subaru Crosstrek
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars120 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 120 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

Better than expected

Landman, 03/18/2018
2018 Subaru Crosstrek 2.0i Premium 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
I was looking for a small SUV for my commute to work and running errands. I drive over 16,000 miles annually, so I wanted something with decent gas mileage, but was safe and reliable with AWD. I narrowed my search down to the Honda HRV, Honda CRV, Subaru Crosstrek, and Subaru Forester. The HRV had the cheapest overall price, but the interior was also cheap and that's being kind. The USB … plugs and space for cell phones was below the center console. It was the oddest location I have ever seen for plugging in and storing electronic devices. I also thought the seats were uncomfortable, which is not good when you have almost an hour commute each way to work. I was so disappointed in the HRV, I didn't even take it for a test drive. The CRV was everything the HRV wasn't. The interior was laid out well, seats were comfortable. Great vehicle overall. But, it was bigger and more expensive than I wanted to pay (around $25k). I test drove the new Crosstrek thinking I would like the Forester better. My wife and I were impressed with the comfort of the seats and how quiet the car was. The interior was well organized and easy to use. The only thing missing in the Premium version that I would like to have is a rear vent for AC and heat. I did test drive the Forester, but I don't think it compared well to the new Crosstrek. If you are thinking about a Forester, I would recommend waiting for the redesigned version coming next year. So far I have driven 3,000 miles and I am getting about 32 MPG in mixed driving, which is better than expected. As noted in other reviews, the acceleration is adequate. Your not going to win any races, but that's not why I bought the car. If you look at other small SUVs in the segment, you'll notice they are just as slow. If you want something faster get the CRV or the Turbo Forester. Personally, I would rather have the gas mileage. Very happy with the purchase and I would recommend you take a look if you are considering a small SUV. Great for commuting to work or for small families.
Report abuse

FAQ

What is a good price for a used 2018 Subaru Crosstrek?

According to Edmunds.com's True Market Value calculations, the retail price of a used 2018 Subaru Crosstrek's most popular trim, the 2.0i Premium, in great condition with 60,000 miles on its odometer, is $23,371. Prices vary by trim, region and options included.

What engine powers all 2018 Subaru Crosstrek trims?

A 2.0-liter four-cylinder (152 hp) engine powers all trim levels.
Select Buying Experience
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

909 cars
|
$24,971 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Electric Vehicle Details

EPA Range

For new vehicles, this is the distance you can expect to travel on a full charge. EPA advises this range should be used for comparison purposes only. Actual range will vary depending on the condition of this vehicle’s battery pack, how you drive, driving conditions and other factors.
to
EPA Range

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.