Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,079 listings
  • Price Drop
    $17,995
    great price
    $2,382 below market
    18,110 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Napleton's Arlington Heights Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (22 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 22 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 2019 Ford Escape SE SE Magnetic Metallic 4WD, Adaptive Cruise Control & Fwd Collision Warning, Auto High-Beam Headlamp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9GD4KUA92929
    Stock: J10975C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2024

  • Price Drop
    $21,900
    great price
    $3,259 below market
    30,275 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Al Piemonte Chevrolet of Dundee (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in East Dundee, IL / 19 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Recent Arrival!22/31 City/Highway MPG New Price!Iconic Silver Metallic 4D Sport Utility 2022 Ford Escape SEL AWD EcoBoo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9H98NUA69765
    Stock: K8068
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2024

  • Price Drop
    $23,991
    great price
    $3,390 below market
    31,343 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Hawk Ford of St Charles (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Charles, IL / 10 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    2022 Ford Escape SEL SELStar White Metallic Tri-Coat 2.5L iVCT AWDCome see this 2022 Ford Escape SEL! It's the one you've been searching for! This Esc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (43 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9CZ0NUA12659
    Stock: P1915
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-23-2024

  • $20,367
    great price
    $2,953 below market
    33,740 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    Zeigler Chevrolet Schaumburg (15 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 15 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    2021 Ford Escape SE Hybrid White Brake assist, Dual-Zone Electronic Automatic Temperature Control, Electronic Fuel Door Release, Electronic Stability ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    41 Combined MPG (44 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0BZ3MUB18356
    Stock: S9723
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2024

  • $23,333
    great price
    $2,572 below market
    16,684 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    3cyl Automatic
    Hawk Ford of Carol Stream (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Carol Stream, IL / 5 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    Black Metallic 2022 Ford Escape SEL SEL1.5L EcoBoost 8-Speed Automatic AWDCARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.26/31 City/Highway MPGOdometer is 8793 miles ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9H61NUA57883
    Stock: U4204
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2024

  • Price Drop
    $22,900
    great price
    $2,229 below market
    6,506 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    3cyl Automatic
    Al Piemonte Chevrolet of Dundee (19 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in East Dundee, IL / 19 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    NA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0MN4PUA41964
    Stock: 21697A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $19,995
    great price
    $2,745 below market
    28,762 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    3cyl Automatic
    Fair Oaks Ford Lincoln (6 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 6 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Carbonized Gray Metallic 2021 Ford Escape SE FWD 8-Speed Automatic 1.5L EcoBoost 10-Way Power Driver's Seat, AppLink/A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G68MUA83201
    Stock: FRAV257
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2024

  • $3,652
    great price
    $2,509 below market
    127,460 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Golf Mill Ford (21 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Niles, IL / 21 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU03G99KA64139
    Stock: 240471A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2024

  • $19,691
    great price
    $2,403 below market
    21,169 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    3cyl Automatic
    Hopkins Ford of Elgin (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Elgin, IL / 15 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    The 2021 Ford Escape SE AWD: Elevate Your Adventure with Style and Versatility. Designed for the modern explorer, this dynamic SUV combines sleek desi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9G69MUB02777
    Stock: 12848P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2024

  • $16,499
    great price
    $1,899 below market
    66,551 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Zeigler Buick GMC of Lincolnwood (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 24 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    2019 Ford Escape SEL Ingot Silver 4WD*, BACKUP CAMERA*, BLUETOOTH w/MUSIC STREAMING*, LEATHER HEATED SEATS*, SMART KEY w/PUSH BUTTON START*, PREMIUM S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9HD0KUA10323
    Stock: PA6195
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-18-2023

  • $19,000
    great price
    $2,326 below market
    50,160 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    3cyl Automatic
    South Chicago Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (24 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 24 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 28/34 City/Highway MPG Gray 2021 Ford Escape SEL FWD 8-Speed Automatic 1.5L EcoBoost $$$ Pric...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0H63MUA57670
    Stock: P21774
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2024

  • $24,249
    great price
    $2,525 below market
    16,234 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    3cyl Automatic
    Hopkins Ford of Elgin (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Elgin, IL / 15 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    The 2023 Ford Escape ST-Line AWD. Designed for those who crave adventure without sacrificing style, this dynamic SUV combines athletic performance wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9MN4PUA45369
    Stock: 12875P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-16-2024

  • $10,690
    great price
    $2,017 below market
    85,410 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Verano Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Addison, IL / 7 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    We are Verano Motors located at 1705 w Armitage ct in Addison Illinois 60101.Our cars are inspected before posted for sale meaning you will be buying ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9GD9HUB55547
    Stock: 5547
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-09-2023

  • $4,495
    good price
    $1,143 below market
    178,928 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Napleton Off Lease - Arlington Heights (22 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 22 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    ****AS IS****2009 Ford Escape XLS XLS Brilliant Silver Clearcoat MetallicAM/FM Single CD/MP3 Capable, Cargo Package, Front Bucket Seats, GVWR: 4,360 l...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU02719KB69517
    Stock: OL2663A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2024

  • Price Drop
    $17,900
    great price
    $2,008 below market
    25,796 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    3cyl Automatic
    Wilkins Hyundai (11 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 11 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    2020 Ford Escape Agate Black SE FWD 8-Speed Automatic 1.5L EcoBoost FRESH HYUNDAI USED CAR, LOCAL TRADE, SERVICED AT WILKINS, LOW MILES, NON-SMOKER VE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G61LUC46818
    Stock: H17354A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2024

  • Price Drop
    $19,000
    great price
    $2,740 below market
    69,974 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Kingdom Chevrolet (23 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 23 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2021 4D Sport Utility Ford Escape SEL Gray eCVT AWD 2.5L iVCT HUGE INVENTORY REDUCTION SALE GOING ON NOW!! NO CREDIT, LOW CREDIT NO ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (43 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9CZ3MUA51373
    Stock: P24093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2024

  • $10,690
    good price
    $1,941 below market
    94,250 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Verano Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Addison, IL / 7 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    We are Verano Motors located at 1705 w Armitage CT in Addison Illinois 60101.Our cars are inspected before posted for sale meaning you will be buying ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9G92GUC32303
    Stock: 2303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-15-2023

  • New Listing
    $10,495
    good price
    $1,621 below market
    79,964 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Packey Webb Ford (5 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 5 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    ** Recent Arrival! ~ Local Trade! ~ Very Clean!** Low Miles - The odometer is 43,797 miles below market average!** Clean Vehicle History** Good Brakes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0H99DUD50113
    Stock: 23T1907A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2024

  • Price Drop
    $23,661
    fair price
    $406 below market
    21,478 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    3cyl Automatic
    Hawk Ford of St Charles (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Charles, IL / 10 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    2022 Ford Escape SE SEBlue Silver Metallic 1.5L EcoBoost AWDCome see this 2022 Ford Escape SE! It's the one you've been looking for! This Escape comes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9G65NUA40263
    Stock: P1953
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-27-2024

  • $20,995
    fair price
    $445 below market
    34,646 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    3cyl Automatic
    Westfield Ford (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Countryside, IL / 14 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    Check out this 2020 Ford Escape SE before it's too late! You Can't Beat the Price with These Options ENGINE: 1.5L ECOBOOST -inc: auto start-stop tech...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G64LUC11688
    Stock: T40280C
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-30-2024

  • Price Drop
    $22,695
    good price
    $2,105 below market
    13,032 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Napleton Off Lease - Arlington Heights (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 22 miles away from Wheaton, IL

    2019 Ford Escape Titanium White Platinum Metallic Tri-Coat 4WD** 2.0L EcoBoost Class II Trailer Tow Package, Ford Safe and Smart Titanium Plus Package...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9J95KUA39144
    Stock: OLKB1211
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 2,079 listings
Select Buying Experience
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius25 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

2,079 cars
|
$18,544 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Electric Vehicle Details

EPA Range

For new vehicles, this is the distance you can expect to travel on a full charge. EPA advises this range should be used for comparison purposes only. Actual range will vary depending on the condition of this vehicle’s battery pack, how you drive, driving conditions and other factors.
to
EPA Range

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.