Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,913 listings
  • $23,999
    fair price
    $606 above market
    • 68,653 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales Las Vegas (354 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 354 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3K1RFV9NW232371
    Stock: 7VJ211
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,998
    fair price
    $487 above market
    • 44,785 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax San Gabriel Valley/Duarte (413 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 413 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3C1RFV9NW202856
    Stock: 27482763
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $32,998
    fair price
    $1,041 above market
    • 23,060 miles
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Tucson - East (31 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 31 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3C1RFV8NC192287
    Stock: 27451173
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,995
    fair price
    $85 above market
    • 56,927 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Temecula Valley Lexus (354 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Temecula, CA / 354 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Grand Opening Event ! XLE Premium Clean CARFAX. FWD 4D Sport Utility 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC Dual VVT-i27/35 City/Highway MPG2022 Toyot...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3C1RFV3NC185523
    Stock: T03181L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,000
    fair price
    $87 below market
    • 27,928 miles
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • David Wilson's Claremont Toyota (398 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Claremont, CA / 398 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Looks and runs great. Good tires and brakes. Engine and transmission run smooth. Damage free. Immaculate inside and out. FREE CARFAX! We have great in...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3W1RFV4NC212600
    Stock: 0P331916
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • $36,499
    fair price
    $728 above market
    • 51,046 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Lancaster (436 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, CA / 436 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3S1RFV4NW266928
    Stock: 3672
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $31,688
    fair price
    $521 above market
    • 26,135 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota Pasadena (418 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, CA / 418 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Only 26,135 Miles! Delivers 35 Highway MPG and 27 City MPG! This TOYOTA RAV4 delivers a Regular Unleaded I-4 2.5 L/152 engine powering this Automatic ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3C1RFV3NC201428
    Stock: T251074A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

    • 10,007 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Avondale Toyota (117 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Avondale, AZ / 117 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Avondale Toyota is pleased to include a one year or 15,000 mile complimentary Maintenance Plan with the purchase of your Certified Toyota Used Vehicle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFVXNW212155
    Stock: 254119A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $26,996
    fair price
    $167 above market
    • 20,176 miles
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Toyota Tempe (103 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tempe, AZ / 103 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Body Side Molding (Tms)Lane Keeping AssistRear SpoilerBlack; Fabric Seat TrimWhiteThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV1NC197000
    Stock: NC197000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • $25,073
    fair price
    $67 above market
    • 46,198 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Bill Luke Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (116 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 116 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    NO HIDDEN FEES! ALL RECONDITIONING COSTS ARE FULLY INCLUDED IN OUR PRICES.ONE OWNER! Drive with confidence in the 2022 Toyota RAV4 LE FWD in Silve...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV0NC205636
    Stock: CBS2251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $27,688
    good price
    $1,638 below market
    • 51,926 miles
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Riverside (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 377 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Certified. Lunar Rock 2022 Toyota RAV4 XLE AWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC Dual VVT-i AWD, Ash w/Fabric Seat Tri Recent Arrival! 27/33 City...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV0NW276085
    Stock: R195875
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,977
    fair price
    $507 above market
    • 14,173 miles
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Longo Toyota (414 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in El Monte, CA / 414 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    - *5.49% APR financing up to 60 months based on approved tier 1 credit and expires 06/30/2025. TOYOTA CERTIFIED =7 Year or 100K Warranty* 1 YEAR MAINT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV5NW205646
    Stock: 1T61183
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 5,849 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Camelback Toyota (115 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 115 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    This is a Certified Pre-Owned Vehicle by MPP.Bluetooth, Local Trade, Back Up Camera, Black w/Fabric Seat Trim. Certified. Certification Program Detail...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV7NC202734
    Stock: 110285A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 30,910 miles
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax El Paso (295 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in El Paso, TX / 295 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV2NW217530
    Stock: 27401886
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $26,995
    fair price
    $435 above market
    • 58,934 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Melloy Ford (330 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Los Lunas, NM / 330 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Midnight Black 2022 Toyota RAV4 XLE FWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L 4-Cylinder DOHC Dual VVT-i Black Cloth.This great vehicle is waiting for you at Mello...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3W1RFV9NW204913
    Stock: P7614-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $27,999
    fair price
    $668 above market
    • 59,503 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Centennial Toyota (374 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 374 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    27/35 City/Highway MPG ** CALL (702) 527-3684 ** CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. XLE, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Smart Key System, Blind Spot Monitor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3W1RFV4NW218718
    Stock: 350648
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • 19,942 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Avondale Toyota (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Avondale, AZ / 117 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Avondale Toyota is pleased to include a one year or 15,000 mile complimentary Maintenance Plan with the purchase of your Certified Toyota Used Vehicle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV5NW327757
    Stock: 254120A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 9,927 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Irvine (389 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Irvine, CA / 389 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3C1RFV9NW233234
    Stock: 27594538
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 10,937 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Oceanside (356 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oceanside, CA / 356 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3S1RFV6NW327261
    Stock: 27189403
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 15,349 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Beach Cities Toyota (405 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Westminster, CA / 405 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    ALL-WHEEL DRIVE *** UPGRADED WHEELS AND ALL-TERRAIN TIRES *** Clean CARFAX. Great service records. All maintenance was performed at Toyota dealerships...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFVXNW275557
    Stock: 181501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 15,218 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Thousand Oaks Toyota (460 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 460 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Thousand Oaks Toyota proudly offers this Toyota RAV4 with available home delivery services, virtual product presentation, and home test drives. This v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3A1RFV6NW299358
    Stock: N10085A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 3,913 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota RAV4

Read recent reviews for the Toyota RAV4
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars45 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 45 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (16%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

2022 RAV4 is much better than a 2019

Rick Sanders, 05/13/2022
2022 Toyota RAV4 LE 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A)
We totaled our 2019 RAV4 a month ago (no one was hurt thanks to all the air bags). Due to the high cost and demand of used cars and the shortage of new ones, we received almost what we had paid for the 2019 from the insurance pay out. We were able to purchase a new 2022 RAV4 which turns out to be 100% better than the 2019. Why?… The 2019 had the automatic engine shut off/turn on when … the car stopped at an intersection. This drove me f*&#@ing crazy. Apparently so we could save gas. The new 2022 does not have that ridiculous feature. The new 2022 (and older 2019) are both great cars. The safety features are real, as the ratings from the NTSB or whomever have said. Lots of airbags. Both cars have plenty of power and get great gas mileage. I have owned more than my fair share of new cars and trucks over the years and…This new 2022 RAV4 might be my favorite car of all time, surpassing my previous favorite, 2005 Honda CRV. I highly recommend this vehicle, especially if you have a family. Good luck trying to find one on a lot somewhere. It took a lot of work.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Toyota RAV4 in Tucson, AZ Values

Estimated values
2022 Toyota RAV4 LE 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,434$25,318$27,292
Clean$23,018$24,826$26,716
Average$22,325$24,005$25,754
Rough$21,424$22,938$24,504

The average list price of a used 2022 Toyota RAV4 in Tucson, Arizona is $30,613. The average mileage on a used Toyota RAV4 2022 for sale in Tucson, Arizona is 31,790. Based on the average mileage of 31,790 for used 2022 Toyota RAV4 for sale in Tucson, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota RAV4 2022 in Tucson, Arizona to be $22,325.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.