Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,911 listings

$0
BMW X5 rebates in 75799
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 2,685 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Plano (102 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 102 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Sewell BMW MINI of Plano proudly offers this 2024 BMW X5 xDrive40i All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU05R9S30146
    Stock: 5342123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

    • 8,384 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Premier Autos of Dallas (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 99 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Odometer is 7821 miles below market average!Black Black Sensafin, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Active Park Distance Control, Adaptive Full LED Lights...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX43EU01R9R42999
    Stock: XR42999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-14-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $70,000
    fair price
    $1,998 above market
    • 22,292 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Topeka (462 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Topeka, KS / 462 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Why Choose Aristocrat Motors of Topeka? At Aristocrat Motors of Topeka, our commitment begins with delivering an exceptional automotive experience wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU06R9T50330
    Stock: P3546
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $59,998
    fair price
    $1,041 below market
    • 19,248 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nanuet, NY / 1,321 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steeri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU04R9W20624
    Stock: HNP1736
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 32,311 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Joe Myers Toyota (168 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 168 miles away from Tyler, TX

    2024 BMW X5 sDrive40i Black RWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 3.0L I6 DOHC 24VCOME EXPERIENCE JOE MYERS TOYOTA**SAVE Time and $Money, FRESH QUALITY INVENTOR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX13EU0XR9U56226
    Stock: P50156
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 5 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Kansas City South (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 459 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Nav System, Moonroof, Heated Seats, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, Turbo Charged Engine, Aluminum Wheels, PREMIUM PACKAGE, PARKING ASSISTANCE PACKAG...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU04R9V77760
    Stock: R04124
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2024

    • 15,120 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Plano (102 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 102 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Sewell BMW MINI of Plano proudly offers this 2024 BMW X5 xDrive40i All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU05R9V81915
    Stock: 5248084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 18,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jeff Haas Mazda (177 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 177 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Heated Seats, Sunroof, Navigation, Satellite Radio, Power Liftgate, Panoramic Roof, PARKING ASSISTANCE PACKAGE, M SPORT PROFESSIONAL PACKAGE, M SPORT ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU02R9U62106
    Stock: P29533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 17,363 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of South Austin (207 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 207 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Serviced here, EPA 27 MPG Hwy/23 MPG City! CARFAX 1-Owner, Excellent Condition, ONLY 17,363 Miles! Sunroof, Heated Seats, NAV, Panoramic Roof, All Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU02R9S40553
    Stock: T28439A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 18,529 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Plano (102 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 102 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Sewell BMW MINI of Plano proudly offers this 2024 BMW X5 sDrive40i Rear Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell techni...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX13EU06R9S43953
    Stock: 5332994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 9,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jackie Cooper BMW (259 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Edmond, OK / 259 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Welcome to Jackie Cooper BMW & Mini, a family owned business since 1946. Our goal is to make the online shopping process as easy and enjoyable as poss...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX13EU0XR9W11308
    Stock: R9W11308
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 10,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Jackie Cooper BMW (259 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Edmond, OK / 259 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Welcome to Jackie Cooper BMW & Mini, a family owned business since 1946. Our goal is to make the online shopping process as easy and enjoyable as poss...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX13EU00R9W20714
    Stock: R9W20714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

    • 15,229 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Apple Sport Imports (198 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 198 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX13EU01R9U40318
    Stock: 56470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2025

    • 20,139 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell BMW of Grapevine (110 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 110 miles away from Tyler, TX

    BMW of Grapevine proudly offers this 2024 BMW X5 M60i All Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This we...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX33EU05R9T77118
    Stock: 5353876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 13,226 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Northwest Arkansas (285 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bentonville, AR / 285 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Please note that this BMW is currently an active Service Loaner and may not be available for immediate purchase. For more details or to inquire abou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU06R9V51144
    Stock: WV51144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-03-2024

    • 9,441 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Permian Ford Lincoln (456 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hobbs, NM / 456 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Bluetooth Backup Camera X5 M60i 4D Sport Utility 4.4L V8 DOHC 32V Twin Turbocharged 8-Speed Automatic Sport AWD Marina Bay Blue Meta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX33EU06R9U12510
    Stock: 42148A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

    • 92,481 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • ORR GMC (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Longview, TX / 35 miles away from Tyler, TX

    This 2018 BMW X5 comes equipped with Canberra Beige Canberra Beige/Black Dakota Le, Navigation System, 10 Speakers, 3.154 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Bra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR2C50J0Z14332
    Stock: TZ14332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 8,419 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 1,109 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU06R9S73037
    Stock: 24745P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 22,981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Dallas (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 95 miles away from Tyler, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX33EU08R9T09007
    Stock: 422063498
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 12,682 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 648 miles away from Tyler, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX43EU01R9T61535
    Stock: R9T61535NT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $53,898
    good price
    $1,941 below market
    • 30,913 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 899 miles away from Tyler, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX23EU08R9V77440
    Stock: 8G78Q0
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

Showing 1,324 - 1,344 out of 1,911 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars33 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 33 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

Real electric range, highly refined

Steven, 02/11/2021
2021 BMW X5 xDrive45e 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric plug-in hybrid 8A)
The X5 45e is an outstanding compromise between the convenience, efficiency and joy of an everyday electric car and the traditional performance and range of a BMW inline 6. Pretty much all electric most days, and the integration of electric and gas is excellent - almost imperceptible when gas engine kicks in. BMW iDrive and driving assistant tech is excellent. Fit and finish outstanding. … High voltage battery is big enough that this car earns same $7500 tax credit as full electric cars, making it an outstanding value over every other model X5.
Report abuse

Used 2024 BMW X5 in Tyler, TX Values

Estimated values
2024 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$48,149$50,380$53,091
Clean$47,697$49,859$52,492
Average$46,942$48,990$51,493
Rough$45,962$47,861$50,195

The average list price of a used 2024 BMW X5 in Tyler, Texas is $64,925. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 2024 for sale in Tyler, Texas is 19,012. Based on the average mileage of 19,012 for used 2024 BMW X5 for sale in Tyler, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 2024 in Tyler, Texas to be $46,942.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.