Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,233 listings

Save with BMW X5 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 15,236 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Braman Miami Pre-Owned (10 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 10 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    2023 BMW X5 sDrive40i 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo 8-Speed Automatic Sport RWDOdometer is 8727 miles below market average!21/26 City/Highway ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C03P9P15297
    Stock: BCV15367A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $50,499
    great price
    $6,431 below market
    • 33,658 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Brickell Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 11 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    2024 BMW X5 xDrive50e – Luxury, Performance, and Hybrid EfficiencyThe 2024 BMW X5 xDrive50e Plug-In Hybrid is where power meets sustainability, offe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX43EU08R9U08706
    Stock: J1552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $51,550
    great price
    $6,162 below market
    • 31,712 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Brickell Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 11 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    2024 BMW X5 xDrive50e – Luxury, Performance & EfficiencyThe 2024 BMW X5 xDrive50e Plug-In Hybrid is a perfect fusion of power, efficiency, and cutti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX43EU06R9U22197
    Stock: J1551
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • $31,873
    great price
    $4,367 below market
    • 71,234 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Aventura Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Miami Beach, FL / 9 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Tartufo Leather, Active Park Distance Control, Adaptive M Suspension, Aerodynamic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C00N9J35955
    Stock: V5G650889A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $47,900
    great price
    $7,512 below market
    • 28,009 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Al Packer Ford West (54 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Royal Palm Beach, FL / 54 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    Thank you for Pricing Packer, home of the Bottomline Windshield Price! We have been proudly serving Palm Beach County and South Florida since 1976 and...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C01L9B35288
    Stock: L9B35288
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,003 miles
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NJ to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Green Brook Township, NJ / 1,068 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C04M9J02784
    Stock: 26083059
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 77,719 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Rick Hendrick Chevrolet Naples (93 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 93 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    Hendrick Affordable, Extra Clean, CARFAX 1-Owner. sDrive40i trim. FUEL EFFICIENT 26 MPG Hwy/21 MPG City! Heated Seats, NAV, Sunroof, Power Liftgate, P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C04M9F32716
    Stock: S26087A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 61,740 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • PJ Auto Trading (189 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 189 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C00M9G07654
    Stock: G07654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 72,142 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sarasota (164 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 164 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    Black; Vernasca Leather Upholstery (Mc)Premium Package 2Convenience PackageHead-Up DisplayHarman/Kardon Surround Sound SystemParking Assistance P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C50KLK86770
    Stock: KLK86770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,990
    great price
    $5,403 below market
    • 76,758 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 598 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C07LLL65973
    Stock: 2003909478
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 65,947 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ocean Mazda (9 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 9 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C52KLL22765
    Stock: 239329B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 45,815 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Arrigo Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Fort Pierce (101 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Pierce, FL / 101 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    GOTTA GO ARRIGO!!! CALL TODAY BEFORE ITS GONE... 7**-8**-9***!! GREAT FINANCING OPTIONS AVAILABLE!!Certified. Alpine White 2021 BMW X5 sDrive40i RWD 8...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C02M9G39067
    Stock: 9G39067
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    $34,998
    great price
    $5,616 below market
    • 56,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 793 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C05N9M58040
    Stock: 27452783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $34,998
    great price
    $6,055 below market
    • 45,029 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 2,331 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C01N9J97090
    Stock: 27116992
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,800
    great price
    $4,122 below market
    • 74,228 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Kuhn Volkswagen (196 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 196 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    **FULLY LOADED 2018 BMW X5 xDRIVE35i w/ IVORY WHITE INTERIOR DESIGN PACKAGE, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, LUXURY PACKAGE DRIVING ASSISTANCE PACKAGE W/ HEAD UP D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C54J0X83667
    Stock: 250486B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,495
    great price
    $5,654 below market
    • 43,025 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,105 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Di...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C01N9K62256
    Stock: T25961SP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $45,990
    good price
    $3,435 below market
    • 11,109 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,969 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C08N9M84006
    Stock: 2003795655
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • $23,990
    great price
    $3,277 below market
    • 75,802 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Bomnin Cadillac Homestead (32 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Homestead, FL / 32 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C01LLW64573
    Stock: C703698A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-12-2024

  • $40,999
    great price
    $4,519 below market
    • 39,052 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Acura of Fort Myers (107 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 107 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    Alpine White exterior. Heated Seats, Navigation, Sunroof, Alloy Wheels, Panoramic Roof, Power Liftgate. KEY FEATURES INCLUDENavigation, Sunroof, Pa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UX13EU08R9T54052
    Stock: R9T54052
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 29,535 miles
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Autos Hollywood (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hollywood, FL / 9 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C03M9F75167
    Stock: F75167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,032 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 598 miles away from Hialeah, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C05M9D95284
    Stock: 2003673934
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

Showing 274 - 294 out of 1,233 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars33 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 33 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

Real electric range, highly refined

Steven, 02/11/2021
2021 BMW X5 xDrive45e 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric plug-in hybrid 8A)
The X5 45e is an outstanding compromise between the convenience, efficiency and joy of an everyday electric car and the traditional performance and range of a BMW inline 6. Pretty much all electric most days, and the integration of electric and gas is excellent - almost imperceptible when gas engine kicks in. BMW iDrive and driving assistant tech is excellent. Fit and finish outstanding. … High voltage battery is big enough that this car earns same $7500 tax credit as full electric cars, making it an outstanding value over every other model X5.
Report abuse

Used 2023 BMW X5 in Hialeah, FL Values

Estimated values
2023 BMW X5 sDrive40i 4dr SUV (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$35,271$37,797$40,647
Clean$34,874$37,341$40,125
Average$34,212$36,582$39,254
Rough$33,351$35,594$38,122

The average list price of a used 2023 BMW X5 in Hialeah, Florida is $38,242. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 2023 for sale in Hialeah, Florida is 49,028. Based on the average mileage of 49,028 for used 2023 BMW X5 for sale in Hialeah, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 2023 in Hialeah, Florida to be $34,212.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.