Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
461 listings
  • $31,398
    fair price
    $600 below market
    • 31,441 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Highlands Ranch, CO / 640 miles away from Plano, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF09P5W48804
    Stock: 7WK53V
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

    • 62,742 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • United Auto Group (8 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 8 miles away from Plano, TX

    Take a joyride in this sleek and sophisticated White 2017 BMW X1! Equipped with a powerful 2.0L TwinPower Turbo 4-Cylinder engine, this beauty is read...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHT3C35H5F82294
    Stock: 5633
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $37,998
    fair price
    $596 above market
    • 8,271 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NM to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 582 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF04P5W54008
    Stock: 27115060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,998
    fair price
    $718 above market
    • 21,756 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bakersfield, CA / 1,281 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHU7C53K5L10286
    Stock: 27222447
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $37,599
    fair price
    $578 above market
    • 9,857 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,359 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Navigatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF09P5W53856
    Stock: B8227P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $30,999
    fair price
    $833 below market
    • 32,214 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 527 miles away from Plano, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF03P5W66425
    Stock: 8F20G8
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

    • 42,694 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Humble, TX / 228 miles away from Plano, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF08P5W84550
    Stock: 7WTTKL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

    • 66,734 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 27 miles away from Plano, TX

    Rare Find,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Turbo/Supercharged,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Floor Mats,Gasoline Fuel,Remote Trunk Release,CD Playe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHT3Z32H4A65578
    Stock: H4A65578A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 81,987 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Dallas (15 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 15 miles away from Plano, TX

    Keyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Best of all the price you see is...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHT3Z34H4A54243
    Stock: H4A54243
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $30,999
    fair price
    $632 below market
    • 33,163 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Shreveport, LA / 180 miles away from Plano, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF02P5W66500
    Stock: 8D9F2Q
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 28,512 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 703 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHU7C57K3H44905
    Stock: 27398909
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $33,998
    fair price
    $422 below market
    • 20,760 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,180 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF01P5W33536
    Stock: 27319516
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 21,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 899 miles away from Plano, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF02P5X82442
    Stock: 2003753361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,998
    fair price
    $986 above market
    • 61,536 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 968 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHU7C5XK3H45238
    Stock: 27183332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,019 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hillside, IL / 778 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHT3C53K3H35324
    Stock: 27000218
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,998
    fair price
    $447 above market
    • 47,876 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 748 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHU7C50K3H45510
    Stock: 26746125
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,998
    fair price
    $1,004 above market
    • 53,702 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 915 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHU7C50K3H45278
    Stock: 27407386
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 59,799 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 1,060 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHT3C57K3H35245
    Stock: 27330326
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 97,628 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Commerce Chevrolet (50 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Commerce, TX / 50 miles away from Plano, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner.Awards:* JD Power Automotive Performance, Execution and Layout (APEAL) Study * 2017 IIHS Top Safety Pick2017 BMW X3 xDrive28i in Mine...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBXHU7C30H5H38326
    Stock: H5H38326P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,998
    fair price
    $643 above market
    • 25,353 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Loveland, CO / 685 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF07P5V95620
    Stock: 27120880
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $32,998
    fair price
    $153 below market
    • 26,239 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 1,135 miles away from Plano, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBX73EF06P5W86460
    Stock: 27320961
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 190 - 210 out of 461 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X1

Read recent reviews for the BMW X1
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
5 out of 5 stars

Excellent

Ejb, 12/17/2020
2021 BMW X1 xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
Spent a lot of time researching smaller sporty high end SUV. Never owned a BMW before. Coming from an Acura RDX. The X1 is excellent. Drives like a sports car especially in Sport mode. Perfect size. Somehow Smaller than competition on outside but much bigger on the inside. Surprising how much room on the inside. Car is comfortable well appointed. Was headed for a bad collision and had … to slam on break and jerk the wheel hard right then left. The X1 held steady with no skid or even a lean. Amazing. Shopped around and got the car with a lot of upgrades for under 39k. I have 5k miles and averaging about 28mpg as I use eco drive for long drives on highway.
Report abuse

Used 2023 BMW X1 in Plano, TX Values

Estimated values
2023 BMW X1 xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,750$23,056$24,527
Clean$21,505$22,778$24,212
Average$21,097$22,314$23,686
Rough$20,566$21,711$23,003

The average list price of a used 2023 BMW X1 in Plano, Texas is $26,197. The average mileage on a used BMW X1 2023 for sale in Plano, Texas is 41,180. Based on the average mileage of 41,180 for used 2023 BMW X1 for sale in Plano, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X1 2023 in Plano, Texas to be $21,097.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.