Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,461 listings
  • $22,998
    fair price
    $403 below market
    • 62,727 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Davie, FL / 907 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV7MC143070
    Stock: 27310646
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 108,267 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Virginia Beach, VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 168 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV6KC013015
    Stock: 27431588
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,998
    fair price
    $547 above market
    • 32,435 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Winston Salem, NC / 257 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV1MC197945
    Stock: 27363552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,900
    fair price
    $377 above market
    • 41,520 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Bowie (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bowie, MD / 40 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Magnetic Gray Metallic exterior and BLACK interior. Moonroof, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Aluminum Wheels, All Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV0PC365093
    Stock: PC365093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $22,998
    good price
    $982 below market
    • 50,004 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 373 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3F1RFV0KW038034
    Stock: 27086190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,998
    fair price
    $355 below market
    • 37,360 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 652 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMF1RFVXMD080033
    Stock: 26892120
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 70,063 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,154 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Satellite Radio,WiFi Hotspot,Steel Wheels,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Bra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV8MW143691
    Stock: MW143691P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $22,998
    good price
    $823 below market
    • 96,702 miles
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 395 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV1MC214534
    Stock: 27450277
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $30,998
    fair price
    $542 above market
    • 30,953 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tolleson, AZ / 1,965 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3C1RFV8MW171128
    Stock: 27261742
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $24,998
    fair price
    $262 above market
    • 43,795 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 763 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3K1RFV5MC129349
    Stock: 27461437
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,500
    fair price
    $47 below market
    • 117,530 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Kia of Woodbridge (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 28 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    2017 Toyota RAV4 XLE **BLUETOOTH**, **WOW WOW**, **EASY TO FINANCE**, **JUST TRADED IN**, **REAR BACKUP CAMERA**, AWD, Cloth, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 4.0...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMRFREV9HD202550
    Stock: 250790AB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 42,645 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Canoga Park, CA / 2,286 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMH1RFVXKJ009244
    Stock: 27002629
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,799
    fair price
    $43 above market
    • 54,184 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • O'Donnell Honda (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Ellicott City, MD / 39 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3BFREV0HW599974
    Stock: 131134A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $24,998
    fair price
    $291 above market
    • 44,881 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Ocola, FL / 735 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV6MW182456
    Stock: 26958401
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,500
    fair price
    $55 above market
    • 62,620 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ted Britt Ford Fairfax (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 13 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMG1RFV7KD044270
    Stock: 41630B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 37,581 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 2,342 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3G1RFV4KW023511
    Stock: 27012924
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $23,998
    fair price
    $95 above market
    • 60,082 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dothan, AL / 702 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMF1RFV5KJ015959
    Stock: 27043163
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,998
    fair price
    $84 below market
    • 49,517 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Waukesha, WI / 623 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3W1RFV4KC015146
    Stock: 26434082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,998
    fair price
    $786 above market
    • 76,111 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in West Carrollton, OH / 364 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3W1RFV0KW005356
    Stock: 27111489
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,852
    fair price
    $538 below market
    • 86,690 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Steven Nissan (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Harrisonburg, VA / 85 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    **Now Available: 2021 Toyota RAV4 XLE Style, Safety & Efficiency in One Sharp SUV!** ÂŁ Ready to elevate your daily drive? The **2021 Toyota RAV4 XLE**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3P1RFV2MC213912
    Stock: PN5681
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,909 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,288 miles away from Ashburn, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3H1RFV4MC100421
    Stock: 27194103
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 526 - 546 out of 2,461 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota RAV4

Read recent reviews for the Toyota RAV4
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars120 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 120 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (16%)
  • 2 star
    (18%)
  • 1 star
    (16%)
1 out of 5 stars

Battery Issue

Roger, 09/28/2020
2020 Toyota RAV4 LE 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A)
In 6 months my battery has died. Toyota Care jump started it the first time and I had it towed to the dealer the second time. They recharged the battery and told me everything checked out ok. Toyota needs to admit there is a problem and find the solution, not merely treating the symptoms.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Toyota RAV4 in Ashburn, VA Values

Estimated values
2021 Toyota RAV4 LE 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,534$20,411$22,302
Clean$18,097$19,903$21,717
Average$17,369$19,055$20,741
Rough$16,422$17,953$19,473

The average list price of a used 2021 Toyota RAV4 in Ashburn, Virginia is $24,546. The average mileage on a used Toyota RAV4 2021 for sale in Ashburn, Virginia is 59,266. Based on the average mileage of 59,266 for used 2021 Toyota RAV4 for sale in Ashburn, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota RAV4 2021 in Ashburn, Virginia to be $17,369.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.