Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,643 listings
  • New Listing
    $10,990
    great price
    $3,056 below market
    • 129,067 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 690 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0D97LR116160
    Stock: LR116160A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,995
    great price
    $3,538 below market
    • 82,268 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Tuckahoe Autoland (259 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Yonkers, NY / 259 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0CD7LR151478
    Stock: t234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 82,806 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Best Buy Auto Sales (333 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Waterloo, NY / 333 miles away from South Portland, ME

    BACKUP CAMERAPUSH TO STARTTOUCHSCREENMICROSOFT SYNC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD8KR228169
    Stock: 228169
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • $7,994
    great price
    $2,332 below market
    • 108,367 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (300 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Eatontown, NJ / 300 miles away from South Portland, ME

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Satellite Radio,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H76JR225005
    Stock: SH495595A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $11,976
    great price
    $2,507 below market
    • 85,832 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Somersworth Nissan (40 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Somersworth, NH / 40 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Clean CARFAX, Fresh Oil Change, NEW Front Brake Pads & Rotors, NEW Wiper Blades, Alloy Wheels, Multi-Zone A/C, Remote Engine Start, Backup Camera Vehi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD4LR238716
    Stock: P6971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $8,971
    great price
    $2,440 below market
    • 129,126 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ourisman Chantilly Kia (494 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 494 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Cruise Control, Streaming Music, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Hands-Free, Power Locks, Power Windows. Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. 23/34 City/Highway ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD2LR161747
    Stock: K25350A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $14,550
    great price
    $2,626 below market
    • 82,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Keystone Auto Sales (320 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Brodheadsville, PA / 320 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0T92LR102636
    Stock: 102636
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-23-2025

  • $12,498
    great price
    $2,803 below market
    • 100,553 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • King Richards Auto Center (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in East Providence, RI / 135 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Recent arrival! This vehicle has been thoroughly inspected and reconditioned at our facility. All vehicles come with at least one key! Call today t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0T97LR236560
    Stock: P11935
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,990
    fair price
    • 14,965 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,611 miles away from South Portland, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD0LR102812
    Stock: 2003788917
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $2,700
    great price
    $5,006 below market
    • 155,043 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller North (233 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Marlboro, NY / 233 miles away from South Portland, ME

    This vehicle is located at Baltimore, MD Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H7XJR117390
    Stock: 58479935
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $15,998
    good price
    $2,504 below market
    • 32,280 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NM to ME*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 2,005 miles away from South Portland, ME

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD7LR214538
    Stock: 27061830
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $16,990
    fair price
    • 46,899 miles
    • 21 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,611 miles away from South Portland, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0G78LR122950
    Stock: 2003377500
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-23-2024

  • $20,590
    fair price
    • 12,469 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,611 miles away from South Portland, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD7LR100720
    Stock: 2003803952
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $2,200
    great price
    $4,612 below market
    • 158,138 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller North (233 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Marlboro, NY / 233 miles away from South Portland, ME

    This vehicle is located at Louisville, KY Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn mor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD8JR245391
    Stock: 53571445
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • $15,799
    good price
    $2,501 below market
    • 64,540 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Keim Chevrolet (390 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Paradise, PA / 390 miles away from South Portland, ME

    Keim Chevrolet has a wide selection of exceptional pre-owned vehicles to choose from, including this 2020 Ford Fusion. The Ford Fusion SE speaks volum...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD2LR134578
    Stock: 25117C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,990
    fair price
    $618 above market
    • 79,821 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 859 miles away from South Portland, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD7LR172677
    Stock: 2003640950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $14,090
    good price
    $3,203 below market
    • 63,300 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Pyramids Auto Outlet (282 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Newark, NJ / 282 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0D94LR173996
    Stock: 173996
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $18,990
    fair price
    $835 above market
    • 27,718 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 859 miles away from South Portland, ME

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD5LR225201
    Stock: 2003775202
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,500
    good price
    $1,600 below market
    • 26,138 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Preston Ford West (447 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Randallstown, MD / 447 miles away from South Portland, ME

    6-Speed Automatic. 2020 Ford Fusion SEFounded in 1975, Preston has been providing a friendly, no-hassle car buying experience for more than 45 years. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD2LR249388
    Stock: R02196A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $14,554
    good price
    $2,002 below market
    • 91,551 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Express Rt8 Superstore (500 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Erie, PA / 500 miles away from South Portland, ME

    2020 Ford Fusion - Grey - 91,519 MilesStock #WH2568 | VIN: 3FA6P0T95LR163298Upgrade your daily drive with this 2020 Ford Fusion, available now at Auto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0T95LR163298
    Stock: WH2568
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $10,344
    good price
    $1,847 below market
    • 113,089 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • Vineland Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (377 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Vineland, NJ / 377 miles away from South Portland, ME

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD3JR130326
    Stock: D00016B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 1,643 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Fusion

Read recent reviews for the Ford Fusion
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars53 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 53 reviews
  • 5 star
    (79%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

One of the best rentals

Nick, 06/26/2019
2019 Ford Fusion SE 4dr Sedan (1.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
I travel a lot and of course drive a lot of rentals I wanted to take some time to let you know this is one of the best sedans I have driven for 2019. The reviewer compares it to the Accord, 6 and Camry I put it more on par with the Kia Optima which this car matches in value and tech but the fusion blows it away in performance even the base model. I can't get over how roomy and … comfortable it feels in the front, as for the tech features when you pick up a rental you have to set it all up sometimes this takes a few minutes sometimes 20 minutes the fusion is very user friendly on the tech side. The Camry although reliable and with excellent exterior design feels so blocky and cheap on the inside performance also sucks unless your get the expensive xsc model. If you are thinking of buying a good daily driver this sedan should be a serious contender on your list.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Ford Fusion in South Portland, ME Values

Estimated values
2020 Ford Fusion Titanium 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$11,757$14,381$16,917
Clean$11,465$14,009$16,463
Average$10,979$13,390$15,707
Rough$10,346$12,585$14,724

The average list price of a used 2020 Ford Fusion in South Portland, Maine is $13,224. The average mileage on a used Ford Fusion 2020 for sale in South Portland, Maine is 80,308. Based on the average mileage of 80,308 for used 2020 Ford Fusion for sale in South Portland, ME and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Fusion 2020 in South Portland, Maine to be $10,979.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.