Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,180 listings

Save with BMW X5 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 59,882 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Herb Chambers BMW of Sudbury (22 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sudbury, MA / 22 miles away from Worcester, MA

    INSPECTION COMPLETED Every Herb Chambers Certified pre-owned vehicle receives a complete multi-point inspection by factory trained technicians who ins...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C57KLL04732
    Stock: B35217A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 46,698 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Foley Motorsports (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Shrewsbury, MA / 6 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Introducing the sleek and powerful Gray 2021 BMW X5, a luxurious ride that will take your driving experience to the next level! This sporty SUV boasts...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C09M9E70445
    Stock: 20159
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 64,460 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Norwood (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 32 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Phytonic Blue Metallic exterior and Black SensaTec interior. Heated Seats, NAV, Sunroof, Power Liftgate, Panoramic Roof, Turbo, All Wheel Drive, CONVE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C01M9F36136
    Stock: M9F36136
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 65,991 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • RT28 Motors (41 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Reading, MA / 41 miles away from Worcester, MA

    We invite you to set up an appointment, take a look and see everything this vehicle has to offer - we're confident you won't be disappointed. Our e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C05M9F28671
    Stock: F28671
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-27-2024

  • $28,999
    good price
    $1,382 below market
    • 83,396 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Advanced Auto Sales (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Attleboro, MA / 31 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C52KLL02998
    Stock: C4078
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 53,649 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Shrewsbury (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Shrewsbury, MA / 6 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTA6C00M9H76964
    Stock: BN7083A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

    • 45,705 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Autobahn USA (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Westborough, MA / 11 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Autobahn USA is proud to present this... Phytonic Blue Metallic 2021 BMW X5 xDrive40i 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo 8-Speed Automatic Sport AWD CAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C00M9E26596
    Stock: AB7056
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • $31,400
    great price
    $5,054 below market
    • 79,621 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • McGovern Hyundai (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brockton, MA / 40 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Alpine White 2022 BMW X5 xDrive40i 8-Speed Automatic Sport AWD Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.MCGOVERN CERTIFIED, One Owner - Clean CARFAX, 4 New Tire...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C06N9K69901
    Stock: BN6501AZ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 29,558 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Norwood (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 31 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C09M9D75986
    Stock: 27654115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 68,592 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Autobahn USA Dedham (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dedham, MA / 32 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Autobahn USA Dedham is proud to present this... Dark Graphite Metallic 2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i AWD 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo 8-Speed AutomaticF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C50KLL36261
    Stock: DM5470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $30,990
    great price
    $5,427 below market
    • 76,758 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,015 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C07LLL65973
    Stock: 2003909478
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 73,865 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Fazza Motors (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marlborough, MA / 14 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU2C52KLN67872
    Stock: 1849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $29,995
    fair price
    $501 below market
    • 55,673 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • J&M Automotive (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naugatuck, CT / 84 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C50KLL04524
    Stock: 1904524
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,999
    good price
    $1,054 below market
    • 74,105 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Best Auto and Truck (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hooksett, NH / 59 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C54KLK87372
    Stock: 10757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $37,988
    great price
    $4,327 below market
    • 53,452 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ira Lexus (47 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Danvers, MA / 47 miles away from Worcester, MA

    Heated Seats, Navigation, Sunroof, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, Panoramic Roof, Turbo Charged, CLIMATE COMFORT PACKAGE, PREMIUM PACKAGE, SPORT SEA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C02N9K27791
    Stock: N9K27791
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • $39,999
    great price
    $3,946 below market
    • 36,149 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • MetroWest Hyundai (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Framingham, MA / 20 miles away from Worcester, MA

    2022 BMW X5 xDrive40iRECENT METROWEST TRADE IN, APPLE CARPLAY ANDROID AUTO, FACTORY MAINTENANCE UP TO DATE, NAVIGATION GPS, 4-Zone Automatic Climate ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C00N9J34249
    Stock: GS089B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

  • $35,990
    great price
    $4,142 below market
    • 47,525 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Bos Auto Quincy (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Quincy, MA / 40 miles away from Worcester, MA

    ***$79920.00 MSRP, EXECUTIVE PKG, M SPORT PKG, 22" WHEELS, WRAPPED VEHICLE*** ***WE FINANCE NO CREDIT, NO SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER, AND NEW CREDIT*** Pl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C01L9B02622
    Stock: B02622
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 56,776 miles
    • 31 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Rockland (47 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rockland, MA / 47 miles away from Worcester, MA

    LOW MILES - 56,776! Heated Seats, NAV, Sunroof, iPod/MP3 Input, Power Liftgate, Panoramic Roof, All Wheel Drive, Turbo, PREMIUM PACKAGE, PARKING ASSIS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTA6C06M9F28959
    Stock: M9F28959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,998
    good price
    $2,923 below market
    • 43,712 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 2,565 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C0XL9B40625
    Stock: 27514740
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,580
    great price
    $2,494 below market
    • 97,388 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 160 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C01L9B84495
    Stock: MAJ3365
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $44,878
    good price
    $4,360 below market
    • 30,978 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Blasius Cadillac (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waterbury, CT / 79 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C0XLLE45622
    Stock: 51405AQ
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 1,180 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars35 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 35 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love the smooth power from the straight 6

X5-er, 04/11/2020
2020 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
Not sure if any where people are coming up with the low reviews or even if they actually own an X5. We’ve had ours two months and it’s a comfortable, smooth, powerful, engaging vehicle to drive. I commute about 25 miles each way and we took it on a 1500 mile round trip to pick my daughter up from school and have been very satisfied. I’m a tech guy and love all the gadgets in this car and … have had no issues with CarPlay or any of the electronics so far. I was debating the M50i version and am sure I would have loved the V8 on the occasional times I would have stomped on it. Honestly the straight 6 with a 0-60 time around 5 seconds is still very satisfying for a vehicle this size and was much more affordable from an initial price and ongoing gas mileage standpoint. I’ve been averaging about 22mpg in mixed driving and saw 25 mpg on our long trip. This is our second BMW X vehicle and we wouldn’t hesitate to buy another one in the future.
Report abuse

Used 2019 BMW X5 in Worcester, MA Values

Estimated values
2019 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,278$26,462$29,290
Clean$22,787$25,900$28,662
Average$21,968$24,962$27,615
Rough$20,905$23,742$26,255

The average list price of a used 2019 BMW X5 in Worcester, Massachusetts is $35,052. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 2019 for sale in Worcester, Massachusetts is 59,235. Based on the average mileage of 59,235 for used 2019 BMW X5 for sale in Worcester, MA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 2019 in Worcester, Massachusetts to be $21,968.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.