Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,082 listings

Save with BMW X5 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • $30,793
    good price
    $1,584 below market
    • 53,491 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Rockville (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rockville, MD / 8 miles away from Washington, DC

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes and all new tires! Black; Vernasca Leather Upholstery (Mc)Convenience Pack...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C03L9C77504
    Stock: L9C77504
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,000
    good price
    $2,387 below market
    • 74,487 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Faulkner Honda (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Harrisburg, PA / 89 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C0XL9C65799
    Stock: L9C65799
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,971
    fair price
    $1,056 below market
    • 68,600 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Sterling (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 22 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C03L9C22650
    Stock: L9C22650P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • $42,995
    good price
    $1,979 below market
    • 53,164 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Arlington (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 9 miles away from Washington, DC

    * MSRP: $96,595.00 * Total Options: $13,450.00* Exterior Color: Black Sapphire Metallic* Interior Color: Black Extended Merino Leather, $1,000.00* Zpx...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C06LL227965
    Stock: 227965AN
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $29,250
    good price
    $1,279 below market
    • 76,006 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Country Chevrolet (44 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Warrenton, VA / 44 miles away from Washington, DC

    2020 BMW X5 xDrive40i Blue Metallic AWD 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo 8-Speed AutomaticBlack Leather, Apple CarPlay Compatibility, Heated Front Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C06L9B27547
    Stock: P8800A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • $33,500
    fair price
    $856 below market
    • 46,052 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ourisman Hyundai of Bowie (17 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bowie, MD / 17 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C0XL9B85080
    Stock: 62283A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,900
    fair price
    $514 below market
    • 43,419 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Fanatics (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 56 miles away from Washington, DC

    2020 BMW X5 xDrive40i with 1-OWNER and NO ACCIDENTS!! This beastly luxury SUV comes equipped with Apple Carplay, Navigation, Blind Spot Monitoring, Cr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C07L9C22103
    Stock: AF973
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $36,000
    fair price
    $162 below market
    • 46,609 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Preston Ford of Denton (66 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Denton, MD / 66 miles away from Washington, DC

    Recent Arrival!Black Artificial Leather.Odometer is 20286 miles below market average! 20/26 City/Highway MPGFounded in 1975, Preston has been providin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C03L9C00423
    Stock: BM0096
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,990
    fair price
    $740 above market
    • 78,559 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (96 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 96 miles away from Washington, DC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C07LLL65343
    Stock: 2003867015
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

    • 28,792 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Brandywine (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 22 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C06LLE46072
    Stock: 27450738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $29,273
    great price
    $7,750 below market
    • 65,747 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 31 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Fair Oaks Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 23 miles away from Washington, DC

    2021 BMW X5 xDrive45eCARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.X5 xDrive45e, 4D Sport Utility, 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo, 8-Speed Automatic Sport, AWD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (19 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXTA6C07M9D34599
    Stock: PM9D34599
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,000
    great price
    $5,594 below market
    • 85,070 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Faulkner Honda (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Harrisburg, PA / 89 miles away from Washington, DC

    ***Faulkner Honda is Central PA's #1 Certified Honda Dealer. We've got one of the largest inventories with competitive pricing! We are committed to pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C03M9E82127
    Stock: M9E82127
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

    • 68,931 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Lindsay Chevrolet (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 29 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C07L9B13933
    Stock: HP9305A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,515 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Dulles (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 22 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C00L9D35763
    Stock: 27696857
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 38,800 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Ellicott City (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ellicott City, MD / 24 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C09LLE45742
    Stock: 27626503
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 53,750 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • i.g. Burton BMW (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Milford, DE / 86 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C0XL9B55710
    Stock: 425031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 90,136 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Merlex Auto Group (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 8 miles away from Washington, DC

    This vehicle is subject to prior sale. The pricing, equipment, specifications, and photos presented are believed to be accurate, but are provided \\AS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C06L9D13573
    Stock: D13573
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 72,131 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • The Car Store (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 88 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C09L9C49416
    Stock: 61799
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $28,995
    great price
    $3,414 below market
    • 74,889 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Imperial Highline (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 26 miles away from Washington, DC

    LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Cognac, Vernasca Leather Upholstery (Mc), Fineline Stripe Brown High-Gloss Wood Trim, Front & Rear Heated Seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C02M9E35025
    Stock: 35025
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2024

  • $30,911
    great price
    $3,340 below market
    • 63,648 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Faulkner BMW (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, PA / 85 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C5XKLL02585
    Stock: KLL02585
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $27,777
    great price
    $2,991 below market
    • 54,611 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Lease Return Center (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Triangle, VA / 33 miles away from Washington, DC

    --WOW!! WHAT A SUPER CLEAN AND SHARP LOOKING WHITE ON BLACK BMW X5 AWD WITH ONLY 54K MILES!!--FULLY LOADED WITH EVERY OPTIONS--4 NEW TIRES!!!--LOOKS A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C59KLL07695
    Stock: 07695
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,082 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars35 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 35 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (14%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love the smooth power from the straight 6

X5-er, 04/11/2020
2020 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
Not sure if any where people are coming up with the low reviews or even if they actually own an X5. We’ve had ours two months and it’s a comfortable, smooth, powerful, engaging vehicle to drive. I commute about 25 miles each way and we took it on a 1500 mile round trip to pick my daughter up from school and have been very satisfied. I’m a tech guy and love all the gadgets in this car and … have had no issues with CarPlay or any of the electronics so far. I was debating the M50i version and am sure I would have loved the V8 on the occasional times I would have stomped on it. Honestly the straight 6 with a 0-60 time around 5 seconds is still very satisfying for a vehicle this size and was much more affordable from an initial price and ongoing gas mileage standpoint. I’ve been averaging about 22mpg in mixed driving and saw 25 mpg on our long trip. This is our second BMW X vehicle and we wouldn’t hesitate to buy another one in the future.
Report abuse

Used 2020 BMW X5 in Washington, DC Values

Estimated values
2020 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$26,732$29,540$32,241
Clean$26,245$29,000$31,647
Average$25,434$28,099$30,659
Rough$24,380$26,928$29,373

The average list price of a used 2020 BMW X5 in Washington, District of Columbia is $34,241. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 2020 for sale in Washington, District of Columbia is 61,115. Based on the average mileage of 61,115 for used 2020 BMW X5 for sale in Washington, DC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 2020 in Washington, District of Columbia to be $25,434.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.