Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
11,354 listings
  • Price Drop
    $13,999
    great price
    $1,598 below market
    • 141,103 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • EchoPark Automotive St. Louis (488 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Chestefield, MO / 488 miles away from Charleston, WV

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMBFREV0JJ258787
    Stock: CJJ258787
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,250
    great price
    $2,979 below market
    • 18,811 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (214 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 214 miles away from Charleston, WV

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Lane Departure Warning,Lane Keeping As...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV2JW832841
    Stock: JW832841P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $14,995
    great price
    $2,425 below market
    • 92,123 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota Direct (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 136 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3BFREV4JW813807
    Stock: JW813807
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • $14,999
    great price
    $2,650 below market
    • 134,452 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (228 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 228 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMRFREV7JJ210007
    Stock: JJ210007
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,577
    great price
    $2,666 below market
    • 133,595 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Ben Davis Chevrolet (277 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Auburn, IN / 277 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3DFREV9JW801919
    Stock: P9306A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • $11,985
    great price
    $2,947 below market
    • 150,493 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • VC Cars Gwinnett (334 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 334 miles away from Charleston, WV

    ***PLEASE CALL US FOR A FREE CARFAX REPORT AT 678-869-1900 *** Extended warranty coverage is available for all vehicles upon request. Pricing is dete...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMWFREV8JJ731627
    Stock: G731627
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,222
    great price
    $3,184 below market
    • 60,501 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Imperial Highline (228 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 228 miles away from Charleston, WV

    LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Sunroof, Bluetooth. This Toyota RAV4 also includes Clock, Climate Control, Tachometer, Multi-Zone Climate Cont...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV1JW704560
    Stock: 04560
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-10-2024

  • $20,698
    great price
    $2,909 below market
    • 67,807 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarVision of Trooper (356 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Trooper, PA / 356 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3DFREV5JW778963
    Stock: 778963
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $15,900
    great price
    $2,252 below market
    • 96,857 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, taxi vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Maserati of Monmouth (426 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ocean Township, NJ / 426 miles away from Charleston, WV

    1 OWNER. AWD.2KEYS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV8JW767803
    Stock: 2T3RFREV8JW767803
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,000
    good price
    $1,629 below market
    • 126,642 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Hall Toyota Elizabeth City (329 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Elizabeth City, NC / 329 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Black w/Fabric Seat Trim, ABS brakes, Active Cruise Control, Alloy wheels, Electronic Stability Control, Front dual zone A/C, Heated door mirrors, Ill...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMWFREV1JD111331
    Stock: 24255566B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • $17,900
    great price
    $6,300 below market
    • 75,294 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • House of Cars (413 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Edison, NJ / 413 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3JFREV9JW760694
    Stock: 760694
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,987
    good price
    $2,453 below market
    • 43,018 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Dan Cummins Chevrolet Buick of Paris (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Paris, KY / 144 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Adventure Awaits with the 2018 Toyota RAV4 SE: A Perfect Blend of Performance, Style, and Versatility for the Modern ExplorerStep into the world of...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMJFREV4JJ240515
    Stock: 63756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $19,808
    good price
    $1,158 below market
    • 79,780 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Campus Ford (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waynesboro, VA / 148 miles away from Charleston, WV

    This Galactic Aqua Mica 2018 Toyota RAV4 XLE would be a welcomed addition to your family/business. Tonneau Cover ($90 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMRFREV6JJ224884
    Stock: P220A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • $18,545
    good price
    $1,791 below market
    • 76,234 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Boutique Ohio (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 134 miles away from Charleston, WV

    *Disclaimer*PRICE LISTED DOES NOT INCLUDE TAX (TAX RATE VARIES DEPENDING ON STATE, CITY, & COUNTY), TITLE ($20), TEMP TAG ($20.50) MEMO-TITLE FOR REGI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMWFREV6JD121076
    Stock: Y2097T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,444
    great price
    $3,524 below market
    • 87,089 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mula Auto Group (405 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Somerville, NJ / 405 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMRFREV9JD228782
    Stock: 228782
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,700
    good price
    $1,279 below market
    • 90,627 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • ZedMotors (242 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 242 miles away from Charleston, WV

    !!!WARRANTY AVAILABLE!!! Please visit our website at WWW.ZEDMOTORSNC.COM for a detailed Carfax report Drives great Clean and well maintained vehicle T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3WFREV5JW495570
    Stock: 495570
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,728
    good price
    $1,538 below market
    • 92,133 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Hillside Honda (447 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jamaica, NY / 447 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMBFREVXJJ732065
    Stock: U2513466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $17,978
    good price
    $1,248 below market
    • 90,379 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation USA Charlotte (224 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 224 miles away from Charleston, WV

    Plus Extra Value PackageSun/MoonroofLane Keeping AssistKeyless StartRear SpoilerAsh; Fabric Seat TrimMagnetic Gray MetallicThis 2018 Toyota R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3WFREV0JW481124
    Stock: JW481124
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • $20,995
    good price
    $1,524 below market
    • 87,867 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Chesrown Chevrolet GMC (153 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Delaware, OH / 153 miles away from Charleston, WV

    22/28 City/Highway MPG Recent Arrival!Why buy at Chesrown? How about our FREE Lifetime Powertrain Warranty! Still not convinced? We also offer FREE L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMDFREV4JD223225
    Stock: C26028A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,790
    good price
    $1,880 below market
    • 102,082 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Brookfield (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 473 miles away from Charleston, WV

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMRFREV1JJ722040
    Stock: PML1346B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • $12,985
    good price
    $1,031 below market
    • 161,456 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • VC Cars Gwinnett (334 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 334 miles away from Charleston, WV

    ***PLEASE CALL US FOR A FREE CARFAX REPORT AT 678-869-1900 *** Extended warranty coverage is available for all vehicles upon request. Pricing is dete...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV4JW820139
    Stock: B820139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 11,354 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota RAV4

Read recent reviews for the Toyota RAV4
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars151 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 151 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Reliable compact SUV

Tom, 02/15/2018
2018 Toyota RAV4 XLE 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A)
Probably the 8th Toyota / Lexus car I have purchased. Purchased for my son who attends college in upstate New York, lots of snow.... The Rav-4 has a comfortable ride with all the safety features standard. For a compact SUV it has plenty of cargo space and a comfortable rear seat. I am 6'3" tall and the front seats give me plenty of leg room. My final decision to purchase the Rav-4 boiled … down to three things, Great reliability / Toyota's hold their value and the safety features. 1 year of ownership.... No problems. Toyota's 2 years of free maintenance is another great feature the car comes with.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Toyota RAV4 in Charleston, WV Values

Estimated values
2018 Toyota RAV4 LE 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,854$16,925$19,467
Clean$13,300$16,227$18,641
Average$12,375$15,064$17,264
Rough$11,173$13,552$15,475

The average list price of a used 2018 Toyota RAV4 in Charleston, West Virginia is $17,356. The average mileage on a used Toyota RAV4 2018 for sale in Charleston, West Virginia is 95,635. Based on the average mileage of 95,635 for used 2018 Toyota RAV4 for sale in Charleston, WV and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota RAV4 2018 in Charleston, West Virginia to be $12,375.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.