Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
479 listings
  • New Listing
    $9,818
    good price
    $2,551 below market
    • 72,304 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Dublin Volkswagen (37 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dublin, CA / 37 miles away from Stockton, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H70GR357251
    Stock: ADX8338A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

  • $7,999
    good price
    $1,196 below market
    • 104,574 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • Auto King (53 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 53 miles away from Stockton, CA

    Auto king 916-676-6867 , WE DO HAVE FINANCING AVAILABLE WITH MANY LENDERS , . CLEAN TITLE ,CARFAX AVAILABLE, SMOG DONE, MECHANICAL/SAFETY INSPECTION D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HDXGR157547
    Stock: 1802
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • $10,500
    good price
    $1,489 below market
    • 85,726 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Corwin Buick GMC Reno (135 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 135 miles away from Stockton, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD6GR287762
    Stock: 2287762
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • $13,922
    fair price
    $926 above market
    • 39,355 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Fremont (49 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 49 miles away from Stockton, CA

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes and all new tires! Equipment Group 201ARear SpoilerDeep Impact BlueEbony...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H75GR287536
    Stock: GR287536
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 120,875 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Sacramento/Roseville (54 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 54 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H70GR357184
    Stock: 27420763
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 109,184 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • DriveTime of Modesto (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 26 miles away from Stockton, CA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H70GR368931
    Stock: 1010222386
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 58,844 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Fremont (48 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 48 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P0HD5G5115077
    Stock: 26964368
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 76,638 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Reno (131 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 131 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H79GR268763
    Stock: 27044670
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 122,574 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Corwin Ford (133 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 133 miles away from Stockton, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0T98GR205128
    Stock: 6205128
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,983
    fair price
    $821 below market
    • 23,533 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Lexus of Sacramento (45 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 45 miles away from Stockton, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HDXHR313510
    Stock: HR313510P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,998
    fair price
    $452 below market
    • 38,238 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • CarMax Pleasant Hill (41 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pleasant Hill, CA / 41 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H90HR368446
    Stock: 27236771
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,989
    fair price
    $469 below market
    • 141,744 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • Corwin Ford (133 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 133 miles away from Stockton, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD5FR281255
    Stock: 6281255
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • $12,995
    fair price
    $275 above market
    • 78,775 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • DriveTime of Modesto (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 26 miles away from Stockton, CA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H7XHR151307
    Stock: 1010222621
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $10,956
    fair price
    $135 above market
    • 75,892 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Folsom Lake Toyota (46 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Folsom, CA / 46 miles away from Stockton, CA

    Magnetic Metallic exterior and Ebony interior. CD Player, Bluetooth®, iPod/MP3 Input, Back-Up Camera, Aluminum Wheels, TRANSMISSION: 6 SPEED AUTOMATIC...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H78FR184027
    Stock: FR184027
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 66,328 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Sacramento South (34 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 34 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H76FR226291
    Stock: 26994490
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 83,667 miles
    • CarMax Pleasant Hill (41 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pleasant Hill, CA / 41 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD3FR295459
    Stock: 27006236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 117,655 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • CarMax Fairfield (46 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 46 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD6HR299783
    Stock: 26505291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 88,366 miles
    • 17 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Santa Rosa (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 82 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0VP3HR155641
    Stock: 26964080
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 83,452 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Reno (131 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 131 miles away from Stockton, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0T98HR229835
    Stock: 27044314
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,599
    great price
    $2,761 below market
    • 109,980 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Car Spot Auto Sales (38 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 38 miles away from Stockton, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD4GR316143
    Stock: 316143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • $6,999
    good price
    $1,532 below market
    • 130,381 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Discount Cars & Trucks (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 30 miles away from Stockton, CA

    3 Month / 3000 Mile Service Contract Available ! Buy with confidence ! FREE CARFAX report. Stop By Our Dealership For More Great Deals We are the home...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0G71GR144813
    Stock: 2145
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-24-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 479 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Fusion

Read recent reviews for the Ford Fusion
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars102 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 102 reviews
  • 5 star
    (53%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

Fusion wins out after testing 10 sedans

Doug Harby, 12/11/2015
2016 Ford Fusion SE 4dr Sedan AWD w/EcoBoost (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
After testing and ranking all available midsized sedans in this class in order to replace my wife's 2013 Subaru Impreza we chose the a 2016 Fusion 2.0 liter AWD This was not my 1st choose as I preferred the Mazda 6 GT for it's MPG, handling, and looks. However after receiving a sudden snow storm here in Montana we both agreed that AWD would be a must. We then test drove 2.0 liter with … AWD and immediately realized that it matched the Mazda in handling and looks. We recognized that we would take a significant hit in MPG,( I own a 2013 F-150 with an eco-boost and have yet to meet the advertised MPG). After running some quick numbers the additional cost for gas will only cost us about $25 per mouth, not much to pay for the power of the 2.0 liter and the safety of AWD. Ford was really ready to deal and we paid about $8,000 below the MSRP. We have driven this car about 1000 miles so far and love it. It is very solid and the intelligent AWD results handling on par or better then anything test drove. During our break-in drive we went over several very icy passes and this AWD system out performed the Subaru's we have owned actually pulling us around corners. The 2.0 liter's performance and smoothness matched the V-6s we tested in the Camry and Accord and far out performed the 2.5 4cyl in the Mazda 6. I'm 6'4" and must actually slide the front seat up a little to get comfortable. The rest of the interionic is very nicely done and competes well with the best of the class. The stereo upgrade is outstanding and the climate system is also very easy to use. We now have over 6000 miles on this car and have grown to like it more every time we take a trip in it. I have discovered the sport mode and this make driving this car much more fun. The throttle and the transmission are reprogramed for better response and the change is very noticeable especially when I use the paddle shifters. We live in Western Montana and there are many winding road just minutes away and we seek out the curves whenever we can. In the recent past I have owned a Mazda Miata and the Mazda Speed 3 and while the handling is nearly comparable the overall ride is significantly better. We have had no mechanical issues at all with this car and have been able to see 30 mpg on the highway at 80 mph. We put the all wheel drive to good use this winter especially on roads to ski areas and although I'm a believer in winter tires we stuck with the all seasons that came on it and never had an issue. Having owned several Subaru's and all wheel drive SUVs it would put this AWD system against any of them and it excels in corners on icy roads. We have had the Fusion for a year now with 10,000 miles and still love the car. The gas mileage has increased somewhat with break in and better discipline with the gas pedal by easing up on the desire to feel the power of the turbo. We just received a foot of snow on top of icy roads and the car is handling it easily reinforcing our decision to go with all wheel drive. The heating system is fantastic and even in sub-zero temperatures it will heat the interior in 5 minutes. We have 2 years left on the lease and are pretty certain that we will buy it after the lease expires. The new Fusion sport with AWD and 345 HP may change our (my) mind as it takes an already great car to a whole differ level.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Ford Fusion in Stockton, CA Values

Estimated values
2016 Ford Fusion SE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$5,630$9,778$12,716
Clean$5,408$9,372$12,161
Average$5,039$8,696$11,237
Rough$4,558$7,816$10,035

The average list price of a used 2016 Ford Fusion in Stockton, California is $12,217. The average mileage on a used Ford Fusion 2016 for sale in Stockton, California is 87,052. Based on the average mileage of 87,052 for used 2016 Ford Fusion for sale in Stockton, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Fusion 2016 in Stockton, California to be $5,039.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.