Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,604 listings
  • New Listing
    $14,999
    fair price
    $229 above market
    • 69,767 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • EchoPark Automotive Denver (Thornton) (466 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Thornton, CO / 466 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDS0FW639970
    Stock: PFW639970
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Photos not available
    $11,995
    fair price
    $3 above market
    • 102,742 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • 712 Auto Sales (284 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 284 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Please Call 712 Auto Sales at 505-401-7748. We are a proud member of the NMIADA and ensure our vehicles are inspected for quality and reliability. We ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCB9FW744623
    Stock: 2025-225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $12,000
    fair price
    $570 above market
    • 117,633 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Larry H. Miller Ford Lakewood (459 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lakewood, CO / 459 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Brilliant Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2015 Jeep Cherokee Latitude 4WD 9-Speed 948TE Automatic 3.2L V6Why buy from Larry H Miller Ford of Lakewood? That's ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCS7FW659649
    Stock: SHL250471A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 81,379 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation USA Katy (455 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 455 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Tonneau CoverRear Spoiler3.73 Axle RatioBlack; Premium Cloth Bucket SeatsEco Green PearlcoatEngine: 2.4L I4 MultiairNormal Duty SuspensionTrans...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCB0FW594448
    Stock: FW594448
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 115,471 miles
    • Issue reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (295 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 295 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    This vehicle is located at Phoenix, AZ Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCS7FW712344
    Stock: 55150845
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 99,428 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax San Antonio (345 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 345 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLAB6FW760324
    Stock: 27165392
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 101,956 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • H&R Auto Motors (347 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 347 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMBS0FW729977
    Stock: 729977
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 93,681 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Mac Haik Ford Houston (460 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 460 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLDB6FW516054
    Stock: 240615A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

    • 113,466 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Santa Fe (270 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Santa Fe, NM / 270 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMBS3FW653607
    Stock: 26442197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 121,964 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Garland (311 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 311 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMAB0FW546290
    Stock: 27204809
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 68,733 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax San Antonio (345 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 345 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCS1FW551091
    Stock: 27294341
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 102,708 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax San Antonio (345 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 345 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB5FW518024
    Stock: 27057277
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 97,727 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Wichita (390 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 390 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB9FW741716
    Stock: 26369535
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 99,740 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Wichita (390 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 390 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCS3FW668574
    Stock: 27208720
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 119,636 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Wichita (390 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 390 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB1FW711691
    Stock: 26369837
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 166,705 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • McLarty Daniel Ford (480 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Bentonville, AR / 480 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLAB3FW657670
    Stock: 657670
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 69,486 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • AutoNation Subaru Arapahoe (446 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Centennial, CO / 446 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new suspension parts! Power Front/Fixed Rear Full SunroofRadio: Uconnect 8.4An AM/FM/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDBXFW650488
    Stock: FW650488
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

    • 129,725 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Alta Mere DriveTime (269 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 269 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLDB4FW621174
    Stock: 1040291719
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 118,770 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax Alliance (273 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 273 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCS7FW632428
    Stock: 26548652
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 99,709 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Judson DriveTime (351 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Live Oak, TX / 351 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMAB7FW716824
    Stock: 1380092018
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 104,129 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • CarONE Auto (309 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 309 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    This vehicle is: CLEAN TITLE CLEAN CARFAX ZERO ACCIDENTSComes with 5 Years Maintenance plan included for free!This means you get FREE oil change, filt...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCS7EW249805
    Stock: 2602
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-13-2024

Showing 43 - 63 out of 2,604 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Cherokee

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Cherokee
Overall Consumer Rating
3.1 out of 5 stars127 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 127 reviews
  • 5 star
    (32%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (15%)
  • 1 star
    (26%)
1 out of 5 stars

worst car ever

worse car ever, 08/14/2018
2014 Jeep Cherokee Trailhawk 4dr SUV 4WD (2.4L 4cyl 9A)
This Jeep is my third jeep and I am extremely disappointed. I have owned a Wrangler, Jeep Grand Cherokee and now this trailhawk. I feel like each Jeep I own, there are more and more issues that plague these vehicles. Most recently I have a 2014 Jeep Cherokee Trailhawk, since acquiring this, it has required a new transmission (under 20,000). This vehicle also required some other work … (which slips my mind at the moment) that was done six months outside of the 3-year warranty. The cost was roughly $2700, thankfully Mopar refunded the majority of costs. I thought this should take care of everything but it is turning into a nightmare of a money pit. I have also had to replace brake pads, rotors in the last few months, the passenger rear handle came off I still need to order a new handle and have it installed but haven’t had the opportunity, so I have been avoiding using this door. On occasion my tailgate won’t close, I usually have to unplug the battery in order to reset this issue or google a quick fix. 2 weeks ago, I needed to replace the battery because my car wouldn’t start while visiting family, one of the connectors needed to be replaced at this time as well. The final straw has been finding out today that the ball joints need to be replaced. I understand that repairs sometimes need to happen and there is always routine maintenance, but this is excessive. I spend a significant amount of time without my vehicle and spending a lot of money for a car that is about 4 years old. I feel with the issues I feel extremely disappointed at the number of repairs and issues that are occurring and am looking to get a new vehicle when I was hoping this would last a couple more years. I feel that it is quite ridiculous to have to invest so much time and money in renting cars, seeking diagnosis for a relatively newer vehicle, and have never needed to bring in a car so much. This vehicle has become a laughing matter among my friends, family and coworkers. I am embarrassed that I am having so many issues and I wish there was a better warranty, or another option besides getting a different vehicle.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Jeep Cherokee in Lubbock, TX Values

Estimated values
2015 Jeep Cherokee Limited 4dr SUV 4WD (3.2L 6cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,251$9,836$11,534
Clean$6,913$9,355$10,946
Average$6,348$8,555$9,966
Rough$5,615$7,514$8,692

The average list price of a used 2015 Jeep Cherokee in Lubbock, Texas is $12,890. The average mileage on a used Jeep Cherokee 2015 for sale in Lubbock, Texas is 104,503. Based on the average mileage of 104,503 for used 2015 Jeep Cherokee for sale in Lubbock, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Cherokee 2015 in Lubbock, Texas to be $6,348.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.