Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
911 listings
  • Price Drop
    $36,590
    fair price
    $821 below market
    • 18,432 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 802 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB8RR205209
    Stock: 2003717294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $35,990
    fair price
    $1,177 below market
    • 19,738 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 802 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB6RR172355
    Stock: 2003703754
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $33,998
    good price
    $3,065 below market
    • 30,224 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 268 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB5PR085219
    Stock: 27291679
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • New Listing
    $36,990
    fair price
    $59 above market
    • 20,996 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 1,813 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB6RR191522
    Stock: 2003806457
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

    • 28,364 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 700 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB6RR170945
    Stock: 2003532945
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • $36,590
    fair price
    $25 below market
    • 22,678 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 802 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB3RR173334
    Stock: 2003717023
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,998
    good price
    $1,555 below market
    • 42,672 miles
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 697 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB9PR106474
    Stock: 27181579
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 3,497 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of College Station (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in College Station, TX / 60 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF8HB0RR219787
    Stock: R219787
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • $39,998
    fair price
    $1,237 above market
    • 27,343 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 837 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB2RR157494
    Stock: 27250274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $34,998
    fair price
    $496 below market
    • 38,165 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 703 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB4PR095336
    Stock: 27291933
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $33,990
    fair price
    $542 below market
    • 34,421 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 856 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GBXRR189370
    Stock: 2003666172
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • $46,998
    fair price
    $386 below market
    • 2,925 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Langhorne, PA / 1,356 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB0RR183687
    Stock: 27203960
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $31,998
    fair price
    $112 above market
    • 46,602 miles
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,293 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB3PR080519
    Stock: 27108939
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 13,453 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 703 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB4PR079457
    Stock: 27432131
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $38,998
    fair price
    $167 above market
    • 13,837 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 667 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB2PR120538
    Stock: 27257855
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $40,998
    fair price
    $1,097 above market
    • 59,240 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Huntsville, AL / 610 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF8HB6PR102602
    Stock: 27197862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 20,949 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 205 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB2RR189380
    Stock: 2003684465
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 1,712 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sugar Land (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sugar Land, TX / 30 miles away from Spring, TX

    Call 2**.2**.1*** for more information! This 2025 Mercedes-Benz C-Class CERTIFIED PREOWNED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION is offered for sale by Mercedes-Benz...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GB2SR235733
    Stock: P15942
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 1,443 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sugar Land (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sugar Land, TX / 30 miles away from Spring, TX

    Call 2**.2**.1*** for more information! This 2025 Mercedes-Benz C-Class 300 CERTIFIED PREOWNED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION is offered for sale by Mercedes-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4GBXSR195823
    Stock: P15940
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 311 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sugar Land (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sugar Land, TX / 30 miles away from Spring, TX

    Call 2**.2**.1*** for more information! This 2025 Mercedes-Benz C-Class 300 CERTIFIED PREOWNED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION is offered for sale by Mercedes-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB3SR241040
    Stock: P15930
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 861 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sugar Land (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sugar Land, TX / 30 miles away from Spring, TX

    Call 2**.2**.1*** for more information! This 2025 Mercedes-Benz C-Class CERTIFIED PREOWNED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION is offered for sale by Mercedes-Benz...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1KAF4HB0SR244722
    Stock: P15905
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

Showing 799 - 819 out of 911 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz C-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz C-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars49 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 49 reviews
  • 5 star
    (59%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

class all it's own

a4lvr, 04/13/2014
2013 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C300 Luxury 4MATIC 4dr Sedan AWD (3.5L 6cyl 7A)
I purchased my 2013 C300 luxury 4matic in November of 2012. The new dash redesign inspired by the E-Class was a big improvement over the old design. The ext and int fit and finish is flawless. Great V6 acceleration. The ride is firm, smooth & quiet. The opt leather seats are firm & comfortable but lack a full range of adjustment for the front seat bottoms. I get 27-30 mpg on the highway. … 7 spd trans shifts smoothly. Nav system works well. Blind spot warning feature is excellent. Get the keyless go feature. Glove box is to small. The blue tooth phone system is very clear to the person being called. The last C-Class to be built in Germany for the US market. A car to keep for a long time.
Report abuse

Used 2024 Mercedes-Benz C-Class in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2024 Mercedes-Benz C-Class C 300 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo gas/electric mild hybrid 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,121$32,775$34,785
Clean$30,755$32,350$34,292
Average$30,146$31,642$33,470
Rough$29,354$30,721$32,401

The average list price of a used 2024 Mercedes-Benz C-Class in Spring, Texas is $41,370. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz C-Class 2024 for sale in Spring, Texas is 21,327. Based on the average mileage of 21,327 for used 2024 Mercedes-Benz C-Class for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz C-Class 2024 in Spring, Texas to be $30,146.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.