Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,289 listings
    • 136,850 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Alsa Enterprises Motors (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 24 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMWFREV3FJ046300
    Stock: 046300
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-06-2023

    • 159,204 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Ella Blvd Motors (18 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 18 miles away from Spring, TX

    Visit Ella Blvd Motors online at ellablvdmotors1972.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call 7**-6**-4*** today to schedule your test dri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMZFREV1FJ033462
    Stock: Rav4LE
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 113,261 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 1,225 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3ZFREV9FW189492
    Stock: 27283435
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 108,867 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MN to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 1,041 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3ZFREV3FW172686
    Stock: 26711173
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 81,883 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,005 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMBFREV5FJ040710
    Stock: 2003743756
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 98,724 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 1,414 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMZFREV2FJ058337
    Stock: 27371655
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 117,819 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ellicott City, MD / 1,230 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV1FW334900
    Stock: 26937185
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 96,438 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Santa Rosa, CA / 1,654 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3ZFREV8FW175339
    Stock: 26542081
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 109,263 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 664 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMZFREV7FJ036253
    Stock: 27157470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 36,680 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,145 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3YFREVXFW169733
    Stock: 2003748366
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 87,387 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 690 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3ZFREV9FW216416
    Stock: 26297358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 95,903 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 1,251 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMBFREV0FJ030814
    Stock: 27095750
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 110,394 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 1,016 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMDFREV4FD174812
    Stock: 27059368
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 100,343 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, NC / 1,100 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMRFREV0FJ026941
    Stock: 26602746
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 86,499 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Tyler, TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 155 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV8FW260939
    Stock: 26921239
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 93,551 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 1,501 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3BFREV1FW406065
    Stock: 26854244
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 79,939 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in East Haven, CT / 1,477 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3RFREV3FW336518
    Stock: 27239435
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 59,198 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 559 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3WFREV6FW148630
    Stock: 2003738482
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 74,095 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 655 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3BFREV8FW245150
    Stock: 26484245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 68,330 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Fort Worth, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 212 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T3WFREVXFW176270
    Stock: 27139359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 76,085 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 1,856 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMWFREVXFD069619
    Stock: 27231035
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 2,101 - 2,121 out of 2,289 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota RAV4

Read recent reviews for the Toyota RAV4
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars45 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 45 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (16%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

2022 RAV4 is much better than a 2019

Rick Sanders, 05/13/2022
2022 Toyota RAV4 LE 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A)
We totaled our 2019 RAV4 a month ago (no one was hurt thanks to all the air bags). Due to the high cost and demand of used cars and the shortage of new ones, we received almost what we had paid for the 2019 from the insurance pay out. We were able to purchase a new 2022 RAV4 which turns out to be 100% better than the 2019. Why?… The 2019 had the automatic engine shut off/turn on when … the car stopped at an intersection. This drove me f*&#@ing crazy. Apparently so we could save gas. The new 2022 does not have that ridiculous feature. The new 2022 (and older 2019) are both great cars. The safety features are real, as the ratings from the NTSB or whomever have said. Lots of airbags. Both cars have plenty of power and get great gas mileage. I have owned more than my fair share of new cars and trucks over the years and…This new 2022 RAV4 might be my favorite car of all time, surpassing my previous favorite, 2005 Honda CRV. I highly recommend this vehicle, especially if you have a family. Good luck trying to find one on a lot somewhere. It took a lot of work.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Toyota RAV4 in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2015 Toyota RAV4 XLE 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$12,224$15,060$16,968
Clean$11,588$14,226$15,971
Average$10,530$12,835$14,309
Rough$9,154$11,027$12,148

The average list price of a used 2015 Toyota RAV4 in Spring, Texas is $17,766. The average mileage on a used Toyota RAV4 2015 for sale in Spring, Texas is 94,796. Based on the average mileage of 94,796 for used 2015 Toyota RAV4 for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota RAV4 2015 in Spring, Texas to be $10,530.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.