Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
862 listings
    • 110,188 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Golden Motors (131 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 131 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ5CBXGN354823
    Stock: 354823
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • $47,877
    great price
    $4,975 below market
    • 2,759 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sarasota (485 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 485 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Cirrus Silver MetallicPanoramic RoofWheel Locking BoltsKeyless StartRear SpoilerAmg ® Design Trim In Black & SilverBlack W/Red Topstitching;...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K5J5BB5SN540230
    Stock: SN540230
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

    • 99,204 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Taylor Trading (289 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Orange Park, FL / 289 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4EB4GN372712
    Stock: 372712
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 6,343 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Lancaster (470 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in East Petersburg, PA / 470 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 25/34 City/Highway MPG Clean CARFAX. Certified. MANUFAKTUR Hyper Blue Metallic 2025 Mercedes-Benz CLA CLA 250 4M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K5J4HB2SN509454
    Stock: MB11658X
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-18-2024

    • 76,933 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • HD Auto Sales (496 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Reading, PA / 496 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ5CB0GN294132
    Stock: 294132
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 82,736 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Starz Automotive Group (292 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Snellville, GA / 292 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4GB2GN348504
    Stock: GN348504
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 31,310 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Atlanta Northeast (294 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 294 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K5J4GB5NN315183
    Stock: M17216TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • $9,900
    great price
    $4,955 below market
    • 96,038 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CG Luxury Autos (482 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Clementon, NJ / 482 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    BUY YOUR NEXT CAR ONLINE IN MINUTES!ELECTRONIC CONTRACTING Fast, secure deals anytime, anywhere!FREE HOME DELIVERY Up to 500 miles straight to your do...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4EB1FN181991
    Stock: 0001643
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 35,573 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to SC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Milwaukie, OR / 2,428 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4GB1GN356352
    Stock: 27469722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 41,006 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Columbus Easton (495 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 495 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4GB5EN124009
    Stock: 26845670
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 99,800 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Auto Motors (304 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 304 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4EB7GN330535
    Stock: 4079
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 74,899 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Next Ride Motors (472 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 472 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Vehicle Overview Please call our office @ 6**-7**-9*** to schedule your test drive TODAY. For convince you can also text a salesperson directly 6**-8*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4GB7GN389856
    Stock: 389856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

    • 74,461 miles
    • Issue reported, 4 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Real Car Sales (382 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 382 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4EB7GN354768
    Stock: 354768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 6,068 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Tampa (442 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 442 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K5J4HB6SN498376
    Stock: CMTL250030
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

    • 69,201 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • INTERNATIONAL AUTO (274 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 274 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4GB8GN321596
    Stock: 8661
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2024

  • $11,995
    great price
    $2,711 below market
    • 93,296 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Local Auto Sales (259 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 259 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    2015 MERCEDES-BENZ CLA250Financing Available!Title: Clean TitleMileage: 93296VIN: WDDSJ4EBXFN237071Engine: 2.0L L4Transmission: Automatic Local Auto S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4EBXFN237071
    Stock: A2572
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • $9,250
    great price
    $2,902 below market
    • 118,896 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Cardinal Auto Sales (145 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 145 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Outstanding design defines the 2015 Mercedes-Benz CLA! A great car and a great value! A turbocharger further enhances performance, while also preservi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4GB1FN212959
    Stock: 212959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,795
    great price
    $3,301 below market
    • 31,995 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Holler Honda (375 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 375 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Thank you for choosing Holler Honda, this Cosmos Black Metallic 2023 Mercedes-Benz CLA CLA 250 is a great choice! Check out the following:No Accidents...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K5J4GB2PN389843
    Stock: PN389843
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $11,100
    great price
    $2,479 below market
    • 108,805 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Brito's Auto Sale (290 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Conyers, GA / 290 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ4EB5FN250519
    Stock: 250519
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,994
    good price
    $2,596 below market
    • 20,357 miles
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Van Nuys, CA / 2,248 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Sunroof / Moonroof,Turbo/Supercharged,7-Speed A/T,Power Door Locks...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: W1K5J4GB7PN366736
    Stock: PN366736T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,936
    great price
    $2,542 below market
    • 120,519 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Mile Motors of Bristol (273 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bristol, TN / 273 miles away from Myrtle Beach, SC

    Visit Motor Mile Motors of Bristol LLC online at www.motormilebristol.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 4**-2**-1*** today t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDSJ5CB7FN177422
    Stock: B3343
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

Showing 463 - 483 out of 862 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars35 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 35 reviews
  • 5 star
    (46%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
5 out of 5 stars

Perfect car for me

Julie V., 08/18/2016
2016 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class CLA 250 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM)
Over the years I have driven a bmw, Porsche, Saab, and several infinitis, the last a g35 coupe. It was a great, fun, fast car, but also uncomfortable inside and a gas guzzler. My new mercedes cla 250 doesn't have nearly the power, and the transmission in the economy mode is clunky, but it handles nicely, gets good gas mileage (I'm averaging 26.5 in the city), and is a great looking … little car. If you turn off economy mode, the car is perkier and handles just fine. I hardly ever drive with anyone in the back seat, so its cramped nature bothers me not, especially after the coupe! At this stage in my life I don't want a big gas guzzling car, just a spiffy, well made, fun machine, and this one fits the bill. After one year I still love this car. We just returned from a 1,600 mile road trip, averaging 40 mpg! One day we even got 48. My husband, who drives a big SUV, really enjoyed the car on the highway. It is plenty peppy for passing, handles well and smoothly and is quiet. One year Another year has gone by and I’m still happy with my purchase. I should mention that I’m not that interested in the car’s technology, which I understand is sub par for a Mercedes. Also, this car is not for someone who wants speed. This is a small, unpretentious car with great handling and excellent fuel mileage....just what I want. Plus, it’s quite nice to look at. I still enjoy this car at 6 years old. It just turned over 30,000 miles and has been trouble free and pleasant to drive. I just drove it on a 1400 mile road trip, averaging 39.2 mpg! My car is now 8 years old and still a peach. Trouble free, only 36,000 miles, in great condition. I could drive it for a long time more although I am getting that new car itch….but why buy?
Report abuse

Used 2016 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class in Myrtle Beach, SC Values

Estimated values
2016 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class AMG CLA 45 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,277$21,390$23,615
Clean$17,547$20,494$22,581
Average$16,330$19,000$20,857
Rough$14,748$17,059$18,616

The average list price of a used 2016 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is $21,766. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class 2016 for sale in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina is 66,685. Based on the average mileage of 66,685 for used 2016 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class for sale in Myrtle Beach, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class 2016 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to be $16,330.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.