Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
719 listings
  • Stock photo**
    $52,000
    fair price
    • 51,948 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Young Chevrolet (16 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 16 miles away from Irving, TX

    ** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay / Android Auto, ** Backup Camera / Parking Sensors, ** Bluetooth, Hands-Free, ** Brake Assist, ** C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1BKD2PR292522
    Stock: PR292522
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • $54,995
    fair price
    • 50,310 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine proudly offers this 2021 GMC Yukon Four Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicia...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKD5MR163785
    Stock: 5268687A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 47,612 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Hurst Autoplex Mitsubishi (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hurst, TX / 14 miles away from Irving, TX

    Super Cruise!2023 GMC Yukon Denali Ultimate4WD, 15" Diagonal Multi-Color Head-Up Display, 16-Way Power Seat Adjusters, 2 Presets For Outside Rearview ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2EKL3PR344987
    Stock: 10702A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 51,386 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hurst Autoplex Mitsubishi (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hurst, TX / 14 miles away from Irving, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner.2022 GMC Yukon Denali4WD, 14 Speakers, 15" Diagonal Multi-Color Head-Up Display, 2 Presets For Outside Rearview Mirrors, 3 Years of G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL8NR331188
    Stock: 10565A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 68,324 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Prosperity Motors (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 9 miles away from Irving, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL3MR393838
    Stock: 393838
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • $30,500
    fair price
    • 89,247 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • BBC Motorsports (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    Yukon SLT 4WD. Power Sunroof. Heated & Air Conditioned Leather Bucket Seats, Heated Rear Bucket Seats & Steering Wheel. Bose Surround Sound, 8" Color ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC2LR195013
    Stock: 195013B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-25-2024

  • $42,160
    good price
    • 85,064 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Corpus Christi, TX / 349 miles away from Irving, TX

    3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Seats,Premi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1BKD1MR114709
    Stock: MR114709V
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 54,680 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Five Star Ford (16 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in North Richland Hills, TX / 16 miles away from Irving, TX

    WHITE FROST TRICOATJET BLACK, PERFORATED LEATHER SEATING SURFACESENGINE, 6.2L ECOTEC3 V8

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1DKL8NR259735
    Stock: DAL33312A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $62,995
    fair price
    $467 above market
    • 29,701 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 1,479 miles away from Irving, TX

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKL1NR256635
    Stock: 256635CP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $55,990
    good price
    $3,278 below market
    • 48,169 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,228 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1DKL9PR399893
    Stock: 2003790953
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • $60,998
    good price
    $5,042 below market
    • 54,917 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 1,270 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL7NR233818
    Stock: 27223501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 30,695 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 1,479 miles away from Irving, TX

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL2NR189601
    Stock: 189601CP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 30,888 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 1,049 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL4NR230245
    Stock: 27485421
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 85,095 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Buick GMC (7 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 7 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sewell Buick GMC of Dallas proudly offers this 2021 GMC Yukon Denali Rear Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell tech...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1DKLXMR208736
    Stock: 5360213A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • $54,888
    fair price
    • 51,489 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell INFINITI of Fort Worth (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 29 miles away from Irving, TX

    This 2021 GMC Yukon 4WD AT4 is Summit White with Jet Black interior. It is equipped with the AT4 Premium Package, panoramic sunroof, power assist step...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKD7MR379041
    Stock: 5350346A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $54,998
    fair price
    $1,192 below market
    • 31,291 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,169 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJXLR101108
    Stock: 27433552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $56,590
    fair price
    $386 above market
    • 63,382 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 433 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKD2PR110711
    Stock: 2003666360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $44,998
    good price
    $1,454 below market
    • 39,095 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 1,023 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1AKD1MR224007
    Stock: 27441357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $60,988
    good price
    $2,619 below market
    • 35,822 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 826 miles away from Irving, TX

    Jake Sweeney Is Here to Help! If you are in need of a new or used vehicle, we are offering you the ability to shop online and have your vehicle delive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL3NR178784
    Stock: G18610
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • $52,599
    fair price
    • 48,397 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Jerry's Chevrolet (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Weatherford, TX / 43 miles away from Irving, TX

    Autocheck One Owner, 2nd Row Bucket Seats, Running Boards, Leather Seats, Autocheck-No Accidents or Damage Reported, Heated Seats, 4WD. Odometer is 10...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKD4NR344517
    Stock: NR344517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 57,213 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Lexus of Fort Worth (29 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 29 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sewell Lexus of Fort Worth proudly offers this 2023 GMC Yukon Denali 4x4 that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL2PR210031
    Stock: 251239B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

Showing 505 - 525 out of 719 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Yukon

Read recent reviews for the GMC Yukon
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars55 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 55 reviews
  • 5 star
    (64%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Original Owner, still like new

Bob in AZ, 01/21/2017
2008 GMC Yukon Denali 4dr SUV AWD (6.2L 8cyl 6A)
This is the most relieable vehicle i've owned. Its getting dated, yet drives so well I just cant part with it. Its been very good to me.
Report abuse

Used 2023 GMC Yukon in Irving, TX Values

Estimated values
2023 GMC Yukon SLT 4dr SUV (5.3L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$43,736$45,703$47,918
Clean$43,260$45,169$47,319
Average$42,466$44,278$46,322
Rough$41,435$43,121$45,026

The average list price of a used 2023 GMC Yukon in Irving, Texas is $55,435. The average mileage on a used GMC Yukon 2023 for sale in Irving, Texas is 52,606. Based on the average mileage of 52,606 for used 2023 GMC Yukon for sale in Irving, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used GMC Yukon 2023 in Irving, Texas to be $42,466.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.