Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
756 listings
  • $39,893
    fair price
    $2,746 below market
    • 75,628 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Silveira Chevrolet (400 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sonoma, CA / 400 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2019 GMC Yukon Denali Dark Sky Metallic CARFAX One-Owner.Silveira Chevrolet located in Sonoma.Bluetooth , Yukon Denali, 4WD, 4-Wheel Antilock Disc Br...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ6KR316855
    Stock: P2722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $43,590
    fair price
    $890 below market
    • 63,888 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 2,085 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ9KR383613
    Stock: 2003676552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,551
    fair price
    $1,046 above market
    • 67,603 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Hubbard Chevrolet (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hubbard, OR / 79 miles away from Eugene, OR

    SummaryHubbard Chevrolet's mission is to ensure all our customers have a positive auto buying experience and are completely satisfied with their new v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC6KR330606
    Stock: P5262
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $29,985
    fair price
    $1,157 below market
    • 107,240 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Dennis Dillon Kia (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 341 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Clean CARFAX. Satin Steel Metallic 2019 GMC Yukon SLT 4D Sport Utility 4WD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive EcoTec3 5.3L V8 THIS CAR AT DEN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC4KR205491
    Stock: W1099P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • $30,999
    fair price
    $857 above market
    • 119,045 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Pure Auto Sales & RV (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Redmond, OR / 97 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKCXKR240696
    Stock: PA10742
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,303
    fair price
    $1,100 below market
    • 98,368 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Fowler Mazda (341 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Ukiah, CA / 341 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Onyx Black 2019 GMC Yukon SLT RWD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive EcoTec3 5.3L V8 4-Wheel Antilock Disc Brakes, 5 Auxiliary 12-volt Power ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1BKC7KR118221
    Stock: 218541
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2023

  • $33,671
    good price
    $1,505 below market
    • 84,479 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Acura of Pleasanton (444 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Pleasanton, CA / 444 miles away from Eugene, OR

    SLT trim. Hendrick Affordable, Clean. NAV, 3rd Row Seat, DVD, Heated Leather Seats, Quad Seats, Tow Hitch, WHEELS, 20 X 9 (50.8 CM X 22.9 CM) POLISHED...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC5KR288204
    Stock: PA12150
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $39,990
    fair price
    $998 above market
    • 93,993 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 2,387 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ6KR403509
    Stock: 2003699295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $35,495
    fair price
    $379 above market
    • 49,615 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Alfred Matthews Cadillac (454 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 454 miles away from Eugene, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1BKC8KR198208
    Stock: 11409
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $39,995
    fair price
    $267 above market
    • 81,754 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats
    • AutoMax Reno (358 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 358 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2019 GMC Yukon SLT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKJ3KR306942
    Stock: 2312
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,590
    fair price
    $818 above market
    • 90,199 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,475 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC1KR282934
    Stock: 2003703047
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 92,628 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,687 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1CKJ3KR180168
    Stock: 2003537475
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-09-2025

  • $36,995
    fair price
    $356 above market
    • 90,847 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Jennifer's Auto Sales & Service (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 377 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Introducing the 2019 GMC Yukon Denali, the ultimate combination of luxury and power! With its sleek design and impressive features, this SUV is sure t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2CKJ5KR269303
    Stock: 17566
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,590
    fair price
    $850 above market
    • 75,740 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,475 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC5KR162098
    Stock: 2003680542
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,990
    fair price
    $268 above market
    • 66,725 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,475 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1CKJ1KR377436
    Stock: 2003702192
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,935
    fair price
    $468 above market
    • 69,562 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Reno Auto Warehouse (358 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Reno, NV / 358 miles away from Eugene, OR

    This outstanding example of a 2019 GMC Yukon SLT Standard Edition is offered by Reno Auto Warehouse. Do so much more with one vehicle. This GMC Yukon ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKC3KR317758
    Stock: P2601
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-31-2024

  • Price Drop
    $31,136
    fair price
    $689 above market
    • 108,696 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Power Buick GMC (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Corvallis, OR / 36 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Recent Arrival! 2019 GMC Yukon SLT4WD.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKCXKR238561
    Stock: D5469A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $72,694
    great price
    $21,877 below market
    • 18,789 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Lehmers Buick GMC (424 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Concord, CA / 424 miles away from Eugene, OR

    Super Cruise!!! 2024 GMC Yukon Denali 4x4!!! 6.2 V8!!! Denali Reserve Package!!! Super Cruise and Adaptive Cruise Control!!! Max Tow Package!!! Premiu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2DKL2RR136211
    Stock: 7904
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 255,047 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 11 City / 15 Hwy MPG
    • Alpine Motors (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Heated seats
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Milwaukie, OR / 97 miles away from Eugene, OR

    2001 GMC Yukon Denali Excellent shape inside and out Clean title, no accidents ? 3rd row All wheel drive Leather, Bluetooth, Heated seats Good plates ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    12 Combined MPG (11 City/15 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKEK63U31J307356
    Stock: 307356
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • $29,590
    fair price
    • 92,216 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,614 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS1AKC0KR393858
    Stock: 2003659932
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,590
    fair price
    $468 above market
    • 103,687 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,057 miles away from Eugene, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GKS2BKC8KR159034
    Stock: 2003618209
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

Showing 421 - 441 out of 756 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Yukon

Read recent reviews for the GMC Yukon
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars55 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 55 reviews
  • 5 star
    (64%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Original Owner, still like new

Bob in AZ, 01/21/2017
2008 GMC Yukon Denali 4dr SUV AWD (6.2L 8cyl 6A)
This is the most relieable vehicle i've owned. Its getting dated, yet drives so well I just cant part with it. Its been very good to me.
Report abuse

Used 2019 GMC Yukon in Eugene, OR Values

Estimated values
2019 GMC Yukon Denali 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$30,497$33,243$35,689
Clean$29,920$32,600$34,983
Average$28,958$31,528$33,807
Rough$27,709$30,134$32,277

The average list price of a used 2019 GMC Yukon in Eugene, Oregon is $35,694. The average mileage on a used GMC Yukon 2019 for sale in Eugene, Oregon is 90,750. Based on the average mileage of 90,750 for used 2019 GMC Yukon for sale in Eugene, OR and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used GMC Yukon 2019 in Eugene, Oregon to be $28,958.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.