Skip to main content

Used Nissan Altima for Sale in Boston, MA

Skip to Filters
1,423 listings
  • Price Drop
    $21,500
    fair price
    $393 Below Market
    71,341 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    McGovern Kia of Norwood (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 12 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4FW0KC141399
    Stock: K1886A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2023

  • $17,400
    fair price
    $285 Below Market
    86,466 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Taxi vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    CarFive of Salem (12 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Salem, MA / 12 miles away from Boston, MA

    Clean CARFAX. Rear View Camera, Remote Starter, Power Driver Seat, Bluetooth, AUX, XM / Satellite Radio, Apple CarPlay.Service Work completed on this ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV8LC217689
    Stock: 103780
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2023

  • Price Drop
    $18,835
    fair price
    $268 Below Market
    60,459 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Boch Honda West (24 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Westford, MA / 24 miles away from Boston, MA

    Extra Clean. PRICE DROP FROM $20 000 PRICED TO MOVE $200 below J.D. Power Retail! Gun Metallic exterior and Charcoal interior 2.5 S trim. Remote Eng...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV2LC229658
    Stock: PHW98714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2023

  • $20,559
    fair price
    $612 Below Market
    37,391 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV7NN319475
    Stock: 50587
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-10-2023

  • $19,501
    good price
    $1,048 Below Market
    40,284 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV5MN400120
    Stock: 50597
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2023

  • Price Drop
    $18,800
    fair price
    $939 Above Market
    37,928 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Colonial Nissan of Medford (5 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Medford, MA / 5 miles away from Boston, MA

    SERVICE WORK COMPLETED Service Work completed on this Nissan Altima includes: Complete Multi-Point Inspection Oil & Filter Change by a Factory Traine...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AL3AP3GC180632
    Stock: 230394A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2023

  • $21,094
    good price
    $903 Below Market
    42,515 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV1NN305939
    Stock: 50596
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2023

  • $22,059
    fair price
    $429 Below Market
    33,652 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV5NN319326
    Stock: 50611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2023

  • $21,191
    fair price
    $817 Below Market
    27,288 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV7NN318567
    Stock: 50719
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2023

  • $26,000
    fair price
    $776 Below Market
    10,250 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Station GMC (23 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Mansfield, MA / 23 miles away from Boston, MA

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Clean CARFAX. CVT with Xtronic, Blind Spot Warning, Front anti-roll bar, Knee airbag, Overhead airbag, Power moo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4EV0NN399939
    Stock: B1886A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-31-2023

  • $19,859
    fair price
    $468 Below Market
    48,726 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV1NN308682
    Stock: 50595
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-11-2023

  • $19,954
    good price
    $1,037 Below Market
    39,693 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV0NN308057
    Stock: 50488
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2023

  • $14,999
    fair price
    $448 Below Market
    42,198 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Colonial Nissan of Medford (5 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Remote Start
    Close

    Located in Medford, MA / 5 miles away from Boston, MA

    SERVICE WORK COMPLETED Service Work completed on this Nissan Altima includes: Complete Multi-Point Inspection Oil & Filter Change by a Factory Traine...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AL3AP0FC223323
    Stock: P3815
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2023

  • $20,759
    fair price
    $664 Below Market
    34,255 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV1NN320265
    Stock: 50717
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2023

  • $24,490
    good price
    $1,029 Below Market
    27,571 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    4cyl Automatic
    North End Motors (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Canton, MA / 13 miles away from Boston, MA

    Blind Spot Monitor, Lane Departure Alert (LDA), Pre-Collision System (PCS), Rear View Camera, Parking Assist, Apple CarPlay, Google Android Auto, Blue...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4CW2MN377788
    Stock: B22514
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2023

  • $17,500
    good price
    $987 Below Market
    71,830 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Champion Auto (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Quincy, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV6LC228285
    Stock: 228285
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2023

  • $20,159
    fair price
    $566 Below Market
    43,214 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV9NN306338
    Stock: 50625
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2023

  • $20,159
    fair price
    $546 Below Market
    43,487 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4BV7NN315684
    Stock: 50624
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2023

  • $12,998
    fair price
    $258 Below Market
    92,892 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    4cyl Automatic
    Herb Chambers Lexus (17 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Power Driver Seat
    • USB Inputs
    • Remote Start
    Close

    Located in Sharon, MA / 17 miles away from Boston, MA

    SERVICE WORK Service Work completed on this Nissan Altima includes: Total Value: $2 595. Complete Multi-Point Inspection by factory trained technician...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4AL3AP3FC426979
    Stock: 25116B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-22-2023

  • $21,859
    fair price
    $490 Below Market
    35,950 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV6NN319223
    Stock: 50681
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-17-2023

  • $21,659
    fair price
    $555 Below Market
    38,329 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Rental vehicle
    4cyl Automatic
    Hertz Car Sales Lynn (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • + more
    Close

    Located in Lynn, MA / 9 miles away from Boston, MA

    At Hertz Car Sales, view our thousands of vehicles with pricing often below market value! Take advantage of no-haggle pricing, our 7 day/250 mile Buy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1N4BL4DV8NN366074
    Stock: 50682
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-17-2023

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,423 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Altima

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Altima
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars170 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 170 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (10%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (17%)
5 out of 5 stars

Looks hot in Sunset Drift!

Mitch from Heathrow, 12/07/2019
2020 Nissan Altima
My 2017 Maxima was coming off lease, so it was off to my local Nissan dealer for a successor. The 2020 Altima has similar styling to the Maxima (as will the new 2020 Sentra). I went for the Altima SR version because of the sportier suspension and 19 inch wheels. The 2.5 engine has enough power, so other than doing burnouts, I don't really miss the 300 horsepower of the Maxima. The Altima … has a better infotainment center, a better ride ( in spite of 40 profile tires) and handles better than the Max. The interior style and materials of the Max are more upscale than the Altima (hey the Max costs ten grand more!). Overall, very satisfied. The Sunset Drift color really sets the car off, a benefit being it's easier to spot in the parking lot. I cheaped out and didn't get the premium package, but all I really miss is the dual control temperature controls.
Report abuse
Select Buying Experience
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius25 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Type

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.