Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,369 listings
  • New Listing
    $24,787
    fair price
    $852 above market
    • 49,829 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Muncie (404 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Muncie, IN / 404 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CNAFY3J2110879
    Stock: 110879
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $29,990
    fair price
    $648 above market
    • 28,483 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (444 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 444 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY2L2063424
    Stock: 2003639111
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $20,987
    fair price
    $697 below market
    • 41,568 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Danbury (352 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 352 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY4J2023052
    Stock: P25227A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 60,182 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Paul Miller Audi (294 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Parsippany, NJ / 294 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY0L2062031
    Stock: 25A862A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • $11,698
    fair price
    $74 above market
    • 144,805 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Herb Chambers Lincoln of Westborough (465 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westborough, MA / 465 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    INSPECTION COMPLETED Every Herb Chambers Certified pre-owned vehicle receives a complete multi-point inspection by factory trained technicians who ins...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY9J2022415
    Stock: LW1186XX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-25-2025

    • 37,550 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Columbus (272 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 272 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    1-OWNER CARFAX VERIFIED! *DESIRED FEATURES:* AWD, Leather, Backup Camera, Sun/Moonroof, Vista Roof, Heated Seats, Blind Spot Monitor, Power Liftgate, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY7L2076536
    Stock: I251881A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 87,919 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Rockville (102 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rockville, MD / 102 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    *AUDI ROCKVILLE 2018 AUDI Q5. *Convenience Features- 1-touch down 1-touch up Air conditioning Auto-dimming rearview mirror Automatic temperature contr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY8J2246579
    Stock: TJ2246579
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 31,573 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Columbia (306 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 306 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Odometer is 21955 miles below market average! Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.2020 Audi Q5 45 Premium Clean CarFax, One Owner, Well Maintained, 10 Spea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY0L2095266
    Stock: AP2584
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $31,998
    fair price
    $888 above market
    • 25,893 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Charleston (372 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charleston, SC / 372 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY8L2001641
    Stock: 27290316
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $22,990
    fair price
    $362 above market
    • 64,684 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Cincinnati (334 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 334 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CNBFY8J2122418
    Stock: 2003753295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 76,719 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Keffer Mazda (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Huntersville, NC / 224 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY9J2139914
    Stock: M1885A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

    • 16,625 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Albany (406 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Albany, NY / 406 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY1J2213956
    Stock: 27239236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 58,672 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (53 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 53 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY5J2119137
    Stock: 2003547718
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 145,766 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Randy Wise Buick GMC (429 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fenton, MI / 429 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY1J2210003
    Stock: B251041A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 122,863 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Web Autos (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Monroe, NC / 238 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    Buckle up and get ready to hit the streets in style with this sleek and sophisticated 2020 Audi Q5 in classic black. This used beauty is more than jus...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY9L2024762
    Stock: 11303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 17,251 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Lithia Springs (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lithia Springs, GA / 451 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY1L2094258
    Stock: 27343514
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 68,036 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • G Motors Old Bridge (279 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Old Bridge, NJ / 279 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    2018 Audi Q5 Premium w/Technology Value Package Sport Utility 4DThe 2018 Audi Q5 offers a perfect combination of luxury, performance, and versatility....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY0J2209828
    Stock: OL209828
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 69,710 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Potomac Mills (77 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 77 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY5J2245809
    Stock: 27408969
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 61,352 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Excel Auto Lounge (261 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hightstown, NJ / 261 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1CNAFY4J2071395
    Stock: J2071395
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,055 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gaithersburg (110 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 110 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1BNAFY2J2197752
    Stock: 26320578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 89,880 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Romeo Volkswagen of Kingston (361 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kingston, NY / 361 miles away from Charlottesville, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WA1ANAFY6J2220509
    Stock: 24843B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 3,369 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi Q5

Read recent reviews for the Audi Q5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (72%)
  • 4 star
    (16%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Don't Judge A Car by Its Tires

David S, 03/04/2019
2019 Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Prestige quattro 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM)
Look, I'm a brand-new Audi owner, my first although not my first German car. It's terrific. We bought it primarily for my wife to use. It is beautifully appointed, handles well based on our standards, certainly seems to have all the niceties that a luxury SUV should have. This is particularly true when considering the electronics, most importantly the safety features - adaptive … cruise control, parking assistance, lane departure, all-around cameras, blind-spot warnings - that are important to us. A few personal facts: we are in our early 70's, we are not off-road enthusiasts, we don't use many of the "sport" settings, probably pretty boring reviewers. We liked the "look" of the car because it wasn't a racy, road-warrior design unlike some Japanese models. Fit our traditional view of our lifestyle. What would I change? The electronics take some attention and help. I read the book but my wife wasn't about to. In that regard, Audi Elk Grove offered several times to do a special driver familiarization class for her. The storage is just average; her Toyota Venza had slightly more room. There aren't quite enough spaces in the front row to store the junk that older drivers need or want, a drawback but not much better on competing models. If storage is a paramount concern, consider the Q7 although it was too big for just the 2 of us and adds, at the same Premier level, maybe $7K to the price. Speaking of price, we used the Costco program, not sure whether our deal was "good" but it was easy, comfortable and stress-free. Maybe negotiation would be better for those psychologically equipped for it. For us, not having the hassle is better even if we pay a little more at the end. What's $500 or $1000 really when you're buying that nice a car. I can quarrel about one thing: the "add-ons". We got a $1200 added paint protection and interior protection job, already included. The dealer added the $110 USB connectors (they're nice but $110?). What I really wanted was door cup protection. And the all-weather floor mats probably aren't as good as the after-market WeatherTech mats we ordered for the Toyota Venza but, again, it's only money. For those of you less cavalier than we were, you might save some money there. All-in-all, as we get more comfortable with the car, and try it in different driving conditions, I think that we'll find the Audi to be a worthwhile investment for us. Good wishes to you as well.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Audi Q5 in Charlottesville, VA Values

Estimated values
2018 Audi Q5 2.0T Prestige quattro 4dr SUV AWD w/Prod. End 6/18 (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$15,273$18,406$20,983
Clean$14,901$17,948$20,449
Average$14,282$17,184$19,558
Rough$13,476$16,190$18,400

The average list price of a used 2018 Audi Q5 in Charlottesville, Virginia is $22,716. The average mileage on a used Audi Q5 2018 for sale in Charlottesville, Virginia is 64,258. Based on the average mileage of 64,258 for used 2018 Audi Q5 for sale in Charlottesville, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi Q5 2018 in Charlottesville, Virginia to be $14,282.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.