Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
480 listings
    • 34,076 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Sunvertibles (495 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 495 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Vehicle Overview This is a 2021 BMW 430i Convertible with M Sport Package, Blind Spot Assist, Back-Up Camera, Convenience Package, Apple CarPlay/Andro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23AT03MCH12914
    Stock: 10894
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2024

  • Price Drop
    $45,455
    great price
    $4,591 below market
    • 5,224 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Germain Lexus of Easton (477 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 477 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP04RCN95865
    Stock: E10311
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 44,692 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 946 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP04MCG81429
    Stock: 2003679463
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 20,590 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • BMW of Omaha (234 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 234 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    This 2023 BMW 4 Series M440i xDrive, has a Alpine White exterior and an Black interior color. 20590 miles. Stock Number X03029C. You can connect with ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR08PCL22220
    Stock: X03029C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 55,870 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Country Chevrolet (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Herscher, IL / 198 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    FOR THE BEST DEALS IN THE COUNTRY! Come on down to Country Chevrolet! 8**-4**-6*** www.DriveCountryChevy.com Please contact the Dealership for lates...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR04MCG51091
    Stock: G51091A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-09-2025

    • 50,892 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Express Motors (422 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Dayton, OH / 422 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Visit Express Motors online at www.expressmotorsohio.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at (9**)7**-2*** today to schedule your te...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23AT09MCH00721
    Stock: 001005
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 30,390 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bentley Indianapolis (325 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 325 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Options are subject to customer verification prior to purchase*-Heated Steering Wheel-Aluminum Fabric Trim -18" M Light Alloy Wheels -Apple Carplay/An...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP09MCG31819
    Stock: MCG31819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,555 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (405 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 405 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Keyless Start,Navigation System,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR05PCL51531
    Stock: PCL51531P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 44,736 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dreyer & Reinbold Subaru (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, IN / 337 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Clean CARFAX. Bluestone Metallic 2021 BMW 4 Series 430i xDrive AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 2.0L 4-Cylinder TwinPower Turbo Ambient Lighting, Comfort A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP07MCF50270
    Stock: 34232B1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 42,699 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,100 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA53AP0XMCF45412
    Stock: 2003660875
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,991
    great price
    $2,538 below market
    • 30,698 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Orland Park (202 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orland Park, IL / 202 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Mineral White Metallic 2022 BMW 4 Series M440i xDrive AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 3.0L I6 10 Speakers, Active Driving Assistant Plus, AM/FM Radio, App...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA63AT04NCJ80461
    Stock: 25242A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,490
    good price
    $3,409 below market
    • 16,379 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Reliable Superstore (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MO / 341 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Aerodynamic Kit, Black Mirror Caps, BMW Curved Display w/HUD, Comfort Access Keyless Entry, Connected Package Pro, Extended Shadowline Trim, Heated Fr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP07RCP29820
    Stock: RCP29820P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $47,500
    fair price
    $1,577 below market
    • 3,892 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Unlimited Motors Westfield (320 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westfield, IN / 320 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Navigation, Back Up Camera, Bluetooth, Sun/Moon Roof, Heated Seats, Touch Screen, Blind Spot, Heated Steering Wheel, Apple Play, 430i xDrive, 2D Coupe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP09RCN19249
    Stock: STKN19249
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $60,600
    fair price
    $1,373 above market
    • 5,241 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Barrington (184 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 184 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Brooklyn Gray Metallic 2024 BMW 4 Series 430i xDrive Aerodynamic Kit, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto Compatibility, Black Mirror Caps, BMW Curved Displa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA43AT02RCN09431
    Stock: PBL7840
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $59,694
    good price
    $2,096 below market
    • 4,371 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Zeigler Honda of Racine (199 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mount Pleasant, WI / 199 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    1 OWNER CLEAN CARFAX!Odometer is 9458 miles below market average!AWD ++, NAVIGATION, HEADS UP DISPLAY, APPLE CARPLAY, ANDROID AUTO, BLIND SPOT MO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR08RCP83713
    Stock: P12517
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $51,152
    good price
    $2,855 below market
    • 14,149 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ed Martin Acura (325 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 325 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    **Local Trade In**, **Clean CarFax**, Aerodynamic Kit, BMW Curved Display w/HUD, Comfort Access Keyless Entry, Connected Package Pro, Heated Front Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA43AT02RCP70302
    Stock: 3L815A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $37,488
    good price
    $889 below market
    • 11,745 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Madison (140 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Madison, WI / 140 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Aventurin Red Metallic 2022 BMW 4 Series 430i xDrive AWD 8-Speed Automatic Sport 2.0L 4-Cylinder TwinPower TurboOdometer is 23217 miles below mar...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP05NCJ54742
    Stock: 22567
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • $47,998
    good price
    $1,724 below market
    • 8,144 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • The BMW Store (430 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 430 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Experience the thrill of driving with our 2024 BMW 4 Series 430i xDrive Coupe in Arctic Race Blue Metallic. Key features include a 14.9-inch infotainm...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP09RCP50782
    Stock: 42044P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $40,583
    good price
    $2,256 below market
    • 22,350 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Music City (485 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 485 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 5720 miles below market average! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!**While we make every effort to verify options; oc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23AT04NCJ31954
    Stock: UJ31954
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,590
    good price
    $1,840 below market
    • 16,780 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Columbus (475 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 475 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP04RCR91715
    Stock: 2003639680
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $38,990
    fair price
    $869 above market
    • 6,082 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 804 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP07NCJ25579
    Stock: 2003626532
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

Showing 295 - 315 out of 480 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 4 Series

Read recent reviews for the BMW 4 Series
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars43 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 43 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (2%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Happy NC driver

paprof, 12/06/2014
2015 BMW 4 Series 428i 2dr Coupe (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
I just bought a 2015 428i last month. I added a backup camera and the oyster dakota leather seats but kept the price under $42K. The 2015 model also comes with bluetooth streaming. (The tech is OK but not on par with many other 2015 offerings from a range of brands.) I'm a big guy (6'3" and 300lbs) but I fit nicely in the wider, longer interior of the 428i whereas I always had … trouble in a 3 series. I was also a bit cramped in the 2015 MB C300 and I didn't fit at all in the new Acura TLX. In my opinion, the ride, transmission, and handling are far superior to my previous two cars (an Infiniti G37 and Lexus ES350). The closest competitor is the 2015 MB C300 (or wait for 2017 Audi A5).
Report abuse

Used 2021 BMW 4 Series in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2021 BMW 4 Series 430i 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$33,891$35,185$36,484
Clean$33,234$34,472$35,712
Average$32,140$33,284$34,426
Rough$30,717$31,739$32,755

The average list price of a used 2021 BMW 4 Series in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $43,893. The average mileage on a used BMW 4 Series 2021 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 23,598. Based on the average mileage of 23,598 for used 2021 BMW 4 Series for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 4 Series 2021 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $32,140.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.