Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
904 listings
  • $22,220
    fair price
    $140 above market
    • 31,823 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Westgate Kia (139 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wake Forest, NC / 139 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Still under Mazda factory warranty until 60K miles, and eligible for up to 100K miles warranty!!, Come see this vehicle and many more at Westgate Kia ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPBCLXNM309756
    Stock: 42308XP
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-26-2024

    • 16,323 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 579 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACM9RM415141
    Stock: 2003733152
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 21,904 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, CA / 2,490 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABL6NM304775
    Stock: 25994356
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 6,701 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 637 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAMM7R1718370
    Stock: 2003704186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 14,677 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 2,432 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBMM6P1602855
    Stock: 27230909
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $1,045 above market
    • 24,119 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 653 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPAAL1MM253458
    Stock: 27315559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 16,462 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gastonia, NC / 293 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACM9PM380890
    Stock: 27232668
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 18,117 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 487 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALM5P1600820
    Stock: 27447859
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 3,940 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Huntsville, AL / 602 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBYY3R1720166
    Stock: 27167866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 6,680 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Stevenson Hendrick Mazda Wilmington (195 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, NC / 195 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Non-Smoker vehicle, Mazda Certified, GREAT MILES 6,459! PRICED TO MOVE $2,000 below Kelley Blue Book! EPA 33 MPG Hwy/26 MPG City! Heated Leather Seats...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBLM6R1716780
    Stock: ZR16780
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 10,161 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 506 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBJY5N1513637
    Stock: 2003727375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

    • 18,226 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 480 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALM7R1712621
    Stock: 2003698146
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 264 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Wholesale (194 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, NC / 194 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Only 264 Miles! Scores 35 Highway MPG and 27 City MPG! This Mazda Mazda3 Hatchback delivers a Regular Unleaded I-4 2.5 L/152 engine powering this Auto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALM4S1781739
    Stock: 27590
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 2,739 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,380 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBNY8R1708521
    Stock: 2003697952
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 18,100 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Fort Washington Chevrolet (145 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Washington, MD / 145 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Clean CARFAX. 28/37 City/Highway MPG Odometer is 20741 miles below market average!2023 Mazda Mazda3 2.5 S Select Package Base

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM3PM354755
    Stock: 249549A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 18,837 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 277 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACM4RM415760
    Stock: 2003710878
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 20,261 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 505 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACM4PM357307
    Stock: 27299766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 18,386 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,189 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPBCL9NM313913
    Stock: 2003703434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 24,251 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 505 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABL9NM309923
    Stock: 27385793
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 4,325 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 482 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Our 2025 Mazda3 2.5 S Carbon Edition Hatchback AWD is sure to turn heads in Polymetal Gray Metallic! Powered by a 2.5 Liter 4 Cylinder providing 191hp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBLM7S1751219
    Stock: M25-026
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2024

    • 18,726 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 579 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACM2RM412887
    Stock: 2003616684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

Showing 799 - 819 out of 904 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda 3

Read recent reviews for the Mazda 3
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars86 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 86 reviews
  • 5 star
    (66%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (2%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
4.38 out of 5 stars

First Mazda and loving it!

ffemt86, 06/15/2011
2011 Mazda 3 i Touring 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl 5A)
I have always been a Truck and SUV type guy. Well with the cost of fuel and a hour commute every day to work I had to get rid of the jeep and get a car. I looked and found that the Mazda 3 had more for the buck then other cars. After now having it for 3 months I don't think I could of made a better choice. It has plenty of room for the family and I can even keep 2 strollers in the trunk. … I average 30 MPG which is nice on the wallet.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Mazda 3 in Chesapeake, VA Values

Estimated values
2022 Mazda 3 Preferred 4dr Sedan AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$21,121$23,047$25,060
Clean$20,680$22,538$24,476
Average$19,946$21,689$23,503
Rough$18,992$20,586$22,237

The average list price of a used 2022 Mazda 3 in Chesapeake, Virginia is $25,781. The average mileage on a used Mazda 3 2022 for sale in Chesapeake, Virginia is 15,001. Based on the average mileage of 15,001 for used 2022 Mazda 3 for sale in Chesapeake, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda 3 2022 in Chesapeake, Virginia to be $19,946.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.