Skip to FiltersReport abuse
13,280 listings
- $26,406good price$1,907 below market
- 48,301 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Fort Myers, FL / 1,037 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBXY2P0130779
Stock: 8DWLHS
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-07-2025 - Price Drop$22,990good price$1,012 below market
- 55,787 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Chicago, IL / 1,042 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDM9N1588277
Stock: 2003705122
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-20-2025 - $26,590fair price$517 above market
- 21,098 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,257 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBBL5R0459300
Stock: 2003674141
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-21-2025 - $22,990fair price$556 below market
- 62,844 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,080 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDM3N1629907
Stock: 2003662773
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-19-2025 - $26,866good price$1,475 below market
- 64,888 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Orland Hills, IL / 1,032 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBXY9P0157154
Stock: 8DWLDV
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-22-2025 - $22,999fair price$560 below market
- 44,918 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 1,286 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBBM1P0167407
Stock: 8D6CP2
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-24-2025 - New Listing$25,499good price$622 below market
- 53,608 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Wilkes Barre, PA / 1,510 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBEM0P0133194
Stock: 8DLTTF
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-24-2025 - $27,499fair price$1,147 below market
- 52,948 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Tempe, AZ / 833 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBXY9P0104292
Stock: 8DB84N
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-18-2025 - New Listing$24,990fair price$316 above market
- 15,332 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Columbus, OH / 1,142 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBBM5N0597504
Stock: 2003799212
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-07-2025 - Price Drop$18,497great price$4,575 below market
- 82,580 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Starling Honda (Titusville, FL)
Close
Located in Titusville, FL / 1,074 miles away from San Antonio, TX
PRIDE REDUCED!! Snowflake White Pearl Mica 2021 CARFAX One-Owner. Mazda Clean CARFAX. CX-5 Grand Touring Reserve 2.5L I4 ONE OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX, APPL...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBAY6M0316040
Stock: 316040T
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-23-2025 - $31,990good price$682 below market
- 3,322 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 26 City / 31 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Charlotte, NC / 1,109 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDM9R0368892
Stock: 2003789034
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-05-2025 - $25,400good price$1,205 below market
- 14,200 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Jacksonville, FL / 1,023 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBBL0R0462315
Stock: 8FM197
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 11-06-2024 - Price Drop$27,999fair price$335 below market
- 16,249 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in East Amherst, NY / 1,445 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBCL9R0520999
Stock: 7W64PD
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-05-2025 - $23,990good price$991 below market
- 26,865 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Columbus, OH / 1,142 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDM7K1596258
Stock: 2003780051
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-05-2025 - $26,990good price
- 17,687 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in San Antonio, TX / 6 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBEM9N1580212
Stock: 2003527802
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-10-2025 - $18,990fair price$28 above market
- 83,417 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,001 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDM8J0360593
Stock: 2003643130
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-22-2025 - $28,397good price$716 below market
- 14,113 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 743 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBCLXS0550504
Stock: 7WB763
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-31-2025 - $19,999fair price$450 above market
- 59,448 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
- 5 Seats, 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Roanoke, VA / 1,197 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
28 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFACM9L0784301
Stock: 8GHNYL
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-21-2025 - 7,666 miles
- No accidents, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 22 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,050 miles away from San Antonio, TX
Move up to our 2025 Mazda CX-5 2.5 Turbo Premium AWD and start making every mile count in Deep Crystal Blue Mica! Powered by a TurboCharged 2.5 Liter ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDY8S0549331
Stock: M25-068
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-26-2025- Price Drop$24,990fair price$443 above market
- 23,082 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Columbus, OH / 1,142 miles away from San Antonio, TX
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBCM6M0486103
Stock: 2003825908
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-17-2025 - $27,700fair price$471 above market
- 22,595 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 24 City / 30 Hwy MPG
- Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
- Delivery available*
Close
Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,050 miles away from San Antonio, TX
A joy to drive, our 2023 Mazda CX-5 2.5 S Premium AWD radiates refined style in Jet Black Mica! Motivated by a 2.5 Liter 4 Cylinder that delivers 187h...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
26 Combined MPG (24 City/30 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3KFBDM8P0129203
Stock: M11256
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-03-2025
Showing 1 - 21 out of 13,280 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-5
Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-5
MAZDA HAS HIT THE BULLSEYE THIS YEAR !
Retread, 02/22/2025
2025 Mazda CX-5
This is my third brand new Mazda CX5 in 5 years !! - I had a 2022, 2023 and now traded into a 2025. You may ask why - Its because we kept wanting more factory accessories- such as ---the a/c cooled front seats, heated rear seats , touch screen car play (1st year ) 360 cameras, wireless phone charging + wireless Bluetooth., Bose Audio .- were the main items. --The wheel wells are body … color instead of black plastic also.--But there was much more than bargained for after I drove off the lot --NOT having driven the vehicle because it had 02 miles and I assumed it was the same as my previous years ---uh --NOT !!
The 2025 being our 1st Premium Plus (non-turbo model) after having the Carbon Edition , Premium and now the P-Plus. The main reason I am deciding to write yet another review on what many might think is the exact same vehicle except the bells and whistles--- well its NOT !
It ended up being a re-engineered powertrain ,( transmission, suspension and engine )...and Mazda has not mentioned anything of this ? First -- I took delivery with 02 miles on the ODO and it still had the PDI tape and seat plastic covers etc --Right off the truck -- So After the exhaustive trade in process -- I opened the hood to check the oil ( just a quirk ) and I immediately noticed the intake noise baffle looked completely different than the 22,23,24 ? So I just figured Mazda designed a better cover --but upon closer inspection the intake was changed as well -- hoses , etc were routed differently and had other things. I had about a 50 mile drive home and thats when I immediately noticed that the way the power was delivered from the engine was unbelievably smooth and predictable - it seemed more powerful by far than the 23 I had just traded in - Then the shifting was extremely sensitive and once I got used to the transmission it was far improved --I could literally use the gas pedal to find the exact gear I needed effortlessly and quickly --so quickly I needed to change my previous habit of applying much more pressure and often using manual mode on the 23 because the down shifts where sluggish comparatively. This is like a manual automatic and I use the paddles far far less--because I dont need to ---- There was no jumpy break in period where it would lunge trying to stay at one consistent speed - Then the suspension -HUGE difference -- picks up little road imperfections- and has a feel like a 100% sports car- yet luxurious? Is that possible ? --- the firmness in the turns was still there - no play- understeer / oversteer whatsoever - It had been tweaked ( in my opinion )- very quiet and less road noise at all speeds --- No doubt new engine mapping occurred- even though the torque/hp are the same as the 23 --the power is greater at all points in acceleration and roll on is magnificent - , Transmision changes I cant define- its beyond perfection --- and the suspension may be one the of finest of ANY vehicle I have ever driven --this includes my 2001 MBZ S500 - and I am not exaggerating , Mazda had literally after over 10 years finally nailed the CX5 to absolute ultimate . Its beyond unbelievable and I drive it every chance I get just to make sure its actually what I last experienced and not a dream. Mazda did announce the suspension changes in 2025 - but that was it -- nothing else about engine mapping or transmission shift changes --- But why ? I can only surmise that Mazda IS changing the CX5 body next year for the 2026 model . They have been collaborating with Toyota and exchanging technology -- Mazdas hybrid drive is directly from Toyota - and Toyota is apparently using the skyactive driveline for its new SUPRA inline-6 turbo --which is made 100% by Mazda in the CX-90/ Also Toyota wanted some of Mazdas engine technology -- Yes you read that correctly TOYOTA wanted engine technology from Mazda ! --So Did Toyota help retune the CX5 ? We know the new Hybrid drive in the CX5 and CX-50 + 70-90 is Toyotas as well except Mazda uses its skyactive driveline --My opinion ..YES -- Toyota did help tweak this stuff in preparation for the 2026 CX5 and other Mazda Hybrids from Toyota --Which are the gold standard for Hybrid drive systems .I still prefer this good old school naturally aspirated non-turbo 4wd set-up. So to anyone who can use my experiences with my previous CX5s-- ---Nows the time ( unless you want Hybrid ) - as I think they got the drivetrain . suspension done for the 26 CX5 early and put it into the 2025.5 CX5- Thank you Mazda / Toyota for what I now claim is the finest , best driving car I have ever owned --( at 5000 miles now )- Remember that Some CX5 models do NOT have 19" rims --the base select and a few others have 17"s which Im sure are good --But know there is a difference in performance getting the 19"-s
More about the Mazda CX-5
Edmunds has 13,280 Used Mazda CX-5s for sale near you, including a 2021 CX-5 Grand Touring Reserve SUV and a 2025 CX-5 2.5 Turbo Premium SUV ranging in price from $18,497 to $35,900.
How much is the used Mazda CX-5?
- There are 13,280 used Mazda CX-5 vehicles for sale near you, with an average cost of $25,603.Edmunds found one or more Great deals on a used Mazda CX-5 near you, starting at $18,497.That's $7,106 less than the average price of a used CX-5 near you.
Is the used Mazda CX-5 a good car?
- The used Mazda CX-5 received an average score of 4.3 out of 5 based on 1,328 consumer reviews at Edmunds. If you want to learn more about the Mazda CX-5, read Edmunds' expert review.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.