Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,111 listings
  • $21,590
    great price
    $3,348 below market
    • 44,624 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,771 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J93PBA26271
    Stock: 2003827304
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,914
    great price
    $4,148 below market
    • 61,797 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 2,158 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K93NBA94341
    Stock: NBA94341PR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,990
    great price
    $4,915 below market
    • 26,699 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,771 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J95RBA52602
    Stock: 2003826735
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,590
    great price
    $3,446 below market
    • 31,631 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,233 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K9XRBA79065
    Stock: 2003804728
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,999
    great price
    $1,729 below market
    • 90,256 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Modern Nissan of Hickory (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 40 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    NEW ARRIVAL - PHOTOS COMING SOON!!!, 150 POINT SMARTBUY INSPECTION, The 2022 Ford Edge ST Line features 20 premium painted aluminum wheels with 245/50...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J97NBA14850
    Stock: 11N5221B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,590
    great price
    $3,022 below market
    • 35,195 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,233 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J95RBA75877
    Stock: 2003810351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,990
    great price
    $4,477 below market
    • 27,833 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,717 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J95RBA71697
    Stock: 2003816139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 179,895 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Auto Care (41 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Gaffney, SC / 41 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMDK3JC7BBB17951
    Stock: 1469
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,590
    good price
    $2,644 below market
    • 35,144 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 622 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K93RBA89632
    Stock: 2003789101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,990
    great price
    $4,247 below market
    • 31,068 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,717 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J90RBA96524
    Stock: 2003816127
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,965
    good price
    $2,261 below market
    • 66,339 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Honda of Huntersville (13 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Huntersville, NC / 13 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Ruby Red Metallic Tinted Clearcoat 2018 Ford Edge 3.5L V6 Ti-VCT FWD 6-Speed Automatic Titanium 110V/150W AC Power Out...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK3K83JBB84763
    Stock: TBB84763
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • $7,699
    good price
    $1,392 below market
    • 120,195 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Art Auto Sales (25 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Monroe, NC / 25 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMDK3JC0DBB16031
    Stock: 1294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,590
    great price
    $4,911 below market
    • 25,166 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,717 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J99RBA97963
    Stock: 2003816147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,990
    great price
    $4,339 below market
    • 28,193 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,717 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J94RBA71688
    Stock: 2003816138
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

    • 177,765 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • We've Got A Lot (42 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Gaffney, SC / 42 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMDK39C99BA60800
    Stock: A60800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $17,199
    good price
    $1,400 below market
    • 60,569 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 547 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K98JBB14397
    Stock: B8605T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,990
    great price
    $4,124 below market
    • 31,395 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,717 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J90RBA97463
    Stock: 2003816128
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,590
    good price
    $1,760 below market
    • 34,616 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 426 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K97RBA89987
    Stock: 2003794260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,590
    great price
    $2,753 below market
    • 37,061 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,771 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J92RBA68370
    Stock: 2003790718
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,590
    great price
    $3,272 below market
    • 36,890 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,233 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K99RBA90056
    Stock: 2003804727
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,990
    great price
    $3,538 below market
    • 15,957 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,233 miles away from Charlotte, NC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J93RBA71990
    Stock: 2003825431
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 1,111 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Edge

Read recent reviews for the Ford Edge
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars1,231 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 1231 reviews
  • 5 star
    (60%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

Enjoying my luxurious ride!

Shannon, Sactown, CA, 10/12/2023
2023 Ford Edge
Love that I splurged on the Titanium package as the upgrades are well worth it! I love my heated seats and steering wheel and the 10 point adjustable seat that remembers my perfect setting. I love my panoramic roof and the interior cabin is very roomy. The 4 cyclinder engine gets good gas mileage and has great power with acceleration. The only negative is my vehicle has the cermanic … colored trim and wish it was grey or a darker tan. Hard to keep clean. Overall, so happy with my Edge and it is the perfect sized SUV for our family’s needs.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.