Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
587 listings
  • 20,554 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Santa Monica BMW (2,546 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Santa Monica, CA / 2,546 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Clean CARFAX. 2020 BMW i3 120Ah w/Range Extender Black ***Deka World *Tech + Driving Assist Package *Moonroof *Harman / Kardon Sound System *Park Di...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (30 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P4C00L7G72879
    Stock: U6063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2024

  • 17,213 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    Santa Monica BMW (2,546 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Est. Range: 146 - 157mi
    Battery Rating: Excellent
    Provided by Recurrent®
    Close

    Located in Santa Monica, CA / 2,546 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Clean CARFAX. 2020 BMW i3 120Ah Black ***Deka World *Park Distance Control *Navigation System *Heated Seats Wireless Charging *Apple CarPlay Compati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P2C02L7G75965
    Stock: U6065
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-15-2024

  • 46,445 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    RPM Motorcars (2,549 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Est. Range: 139 - 150mi
    Battery Rating: Excellent
    Provided by Recurrent®
    Close

    Located in Van Nuys, CA / 2,549 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    RPM Motorcars is pleased to bring you this 2019 BMW i3s Deka World finished in Capparis White w/Frozen Blue Accents over Deka Dark Gray 2 Tone Cloth I...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P6C54K7D60571
    Stock: K7D60571
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2024

  • 108,395 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Anytime Auto Group (2,550 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    WE HAVE NO DEALER FEES EVER ON ANY ACCESSORIES** NO PAINT PROTECTION FEE** NO WINDOW TINTING FEE** NO THEFT PROTECTION FEE** 2015 Grey BMW i3 with Ra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C56FV501509
    Stock: 15086
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    14,846 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    BMW of Sherman Oaks (2,550 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Capparis White/BMW i Frozen Bl exterior and Deka Dark Cloth interior. Heated Seats, Nav System, Onboard Communications System, Back-Up Camera, iPod/MP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (30 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P4C05L7G75843
    Stock: L7G75843P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    $20,443
    fair price
    $584 above market
    37,697 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    BMW of Sherman Oaks (2,550 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Est. Range: 157 - 170mi
    Battery Rating: Outstanding
    Provided by Recurrent®
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Fluid Black w/BMW i Frozen Blue Accent exterior and Deka Dark interior. Heated Seats, NAV, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, ENHANCED USB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P2C00M7H64810
    Stock: M7H64810P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2024

  • New Listing
    25,369 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    BMW of Sherman Oaks (2,550 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Capparis White/BMW i Frozen Bl exterior and Deka Dark Cloth interior. Heated Seats, NAV, Onboard Communications System, Back-Up Camera, iPod/MP3 Input...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (30 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P4C07L7G63175
    Stock: L7G63175T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-29-2024

  • Stock photo © eVox Productions**
    78,025 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Keyes Hyundai of Mission Hills (2,550 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mission Hills, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C57GV506087
    Stock: GV506087P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2024

  • 76,915 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Keyes Hyundai of Mission Hills (2,550 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mission Hills, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Clean CARFAX. Mission Hills Hyundai Proudly Presents: Black 2017 BMW i3 94Ah w/Range Extender RWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric LEV3-SULEV30 170hp...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z8C31HV894408
    Stock: HV894408P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2024

  • Price Drop
    30,929 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Keyes Hyundai of Van Nuys (2,550 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    harman/kardon® Logic 7® Digital Surround, Heated front seats, Park Assistant Package (5DU), Park Distance Control, Parking Assistance Package, Parki...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z8C35HV892340
    Stock: HV892340T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-09-2024

  • 90,965 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    South Bay Pre-Owned (2,550 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,550 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Bad credit? no problem, let's us help you get a new start... Self-employed ? no problem, we use your bank statements. Up side down? no problem, we ge...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C57EV274734
    Stock: U06302
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2023

  • Price Drop
    48,252 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Pacific Volkswagen (2,551 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 2,551 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    4 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic tempe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z8C30HV891807
    Stock: VP25504
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-26-2024

  • Price Drop
    36,495 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    Pacific Volkswagen (2,551 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Est. Range: 144 - 155mi
    Battery Rating: Excellent
    Provided by Recurrent®
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 2,551 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Giga World (Giga Leather/Cloth Interior, Light Eucalyptus Wood Trim, and Natural Leather/Wool Cloth Upholstery),...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P6C51K7E57422
    Stock: V25457
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2024

  • 18,769 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    South Bay BMW (2,552 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 2,552 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    BMW Certified, ONLY 18,769 Miles! Heated Seats, NAV, Keyless Start, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Back-Up Camera, WIRELESS CHARGING ,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (30 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P4C01L7G63110
    Stock: U34772LR
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-06-2023

  • Price Drop
    36,568 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use
    CarMax LAX - Now offering Express Pickup and Home Delivery (2,552 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Est. Range: 57 - 62mi
    Battery Rating: Fair
    Provided by Recurrent®
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 2,552 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z2C56FV287562
    Stock: 23736827
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 58,540 miles
    No accidents, 5 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Show Case Motors (2,552 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Lawndale, CA / 2,552 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C50EV274526
    Stock: 24032
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-01-2023

  • 117,091 miles
    1 Accident, 4 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Elegant Auto Sales (2,553 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 2,553 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C50EV277040
    Stock: 1008888
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-27-2023

  • 27,446 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    LA City Cars (2,553 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Inglewood, CA / 2,553 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (30 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY8P4C00L7G74650
    Stock: LA6626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-12-2024

  • 53,083 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Car World (2,553 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 2,553 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    Take a look at our 2016 BMW i3 with Range Extender on display in Fluid Black with a BMW i Blue highlight! Powered by an Electric Motor team offering t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C52GV507826
    Stock: V507826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2022

  • $10,499
    great price
    $2,351 below market
    71,828 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    Beverly Hills Auto Brokers (2,553 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Est. Range: 104 - 112mi
    Battery Rating: Good
    Provided by Recurrent®
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,553 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z6C37HV950212
    Stock: HV950212
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2024

  • Price Drop
    64,309 miles
    Title issue reported, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    2cyl Direct Drive
    Karplus Warehouse (2,553 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Pacoima, CA / 2,553 miles away from Honolulu, HI

    2016 BMW i3 4dr HB w/Range Extender...CAPITAL ONE AUTO FINANCE PREFERRED DEALER…Wholesale Prices Available to Public now! Hurry these amazing great de...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBY1Z4C54GV507150
    Stock: M507150
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-19-2023

Showing 85 - 105 out of 587 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW i3

Read recent reviews for the BMW i3
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars106 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 106 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best used car value on the market!

Phil M., 04/09/2019
2015 BMW i3
I would consider myself to be a car enthusiast. My last car was an E90 BMW 328i. Last year I test drove two EVs - the Tesla Model 3 and the BMW i3. I came away so disoriented by the immediate torque/acceleration and the sheer quietness as it was doing so. I was sold on EVs being fun. Then came the cost question. Tesla model 3 doesn’t have much of a used car market yet as it is so new, … but the i3 does. As I dug in I realized a 3-4 year old i3 was being sold for about 30% of its sticker price with lowish mileage (20k-50k miles) - I started digging some more. On average, I was spending about $250/month on gas and after doing some calculations on my commute and monthly car use, I realized I would be spending about $20/month if I charged the car at home. Done - Started the search for an i3 and found one about 70 miles from my house. I traded my 3series for the i3. I’m so glad I did. You can find all the specs on the car so I won’t bore you with that, but this is such an amazing value of a car. The practical hatchback design makes it easy for loading things in and out. The range is enough for my commute and we just use my wife’s car if we need to road trip somewhere. The term range anxiety does exist but I would rather call it range awareness. Driving an EV is a lifestyle change and makes you approach your use of a car differently. Some see that as a bad thing - I just see it as an opportunity to use your brain :-). I know when most people think of a used BMW, they think it’s unreliable. Mechanically, these cars are SO simple and the things that typically go wrong in BMWs (gaskets, coil packs, spark plugs, turbos, water pumps, etc.), aren’t present in this car. Sure the EV infrastructure is lagging in the US, but with a little planning and the use of the PlugShare app, you can find somewhere around you to charge in a pinch. If you’re reading this, you are probably a bit like me - a car junky that likes to understand the good and the bad about a car before you take the leap. I would encourage you - DO IT!
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radiusNationwide
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

587 cars
|
$16,406 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Electric Vehicle Details

EPA Range

For new vehicles, this is the distance you can expect to travel on a full charge. EPA advises this range should be used for comparison purposes only. Actual range will vary depending on the condition of this vehicle’s battery pack, how you drive, driving conditions and other factors.
to
EPA Range

Battery Rating

Battery Rating is based on a vehicle's current expected range relative to the expected range when new.

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


** This image is a stock photo and may not reflect the model year or color of, and/or equipment offered on, the advertised vehicle.