Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,580 listings
    • 54,520 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Autos Duluth (429 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 429 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    MSRP $112K, SUPER CRUISE, HEAVY DUTY TRAILERING PACKAGE,CONSOLE REFRIGERATOR,ASSIST STEPS,POWER RETRACTABLE WITH PERIMETER LIGHTING, CLEAN CARFAX, BLI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKL1MR299569
    Stock: X299569
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 53,140 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Corpus Christi (484 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Corpus Christi, TX / 484 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3FKL6PR129712
    Stock: 27166040
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 64,487 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Steve Rayman Chevrolet (409 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Smyrna, GA / 409 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    CLEAN CARFAX, 3RD ROW SEATS, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER UPHOLSTERY, LOCAL TRADE, APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID, REMOTE START, BLIND SPOT MONITOR, LANE DEPARTURE WA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKL0MR301487
    Stock: MR301487
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

    • 40,599 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Dallas (456 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 456 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Sewell Cadillac of Dallas proudly offers this 2021 Cadillac Escalade 4x4 that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKL1MR320226
    Stock: 5349784B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

    • 83,897 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Truck Center (420 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Doraville, GA / 420 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKL4MR310208
    Stock: 12936
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-18-2024

    • 58,025 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lewisville Autoplex (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lewisville, TX / 469 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Pre-Qualify for Low Finance Rate & 100k Mile Extended Service Plan, 90 Day/3k Mile Limited Warr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4DKL7MR348126
    Stock: 20264
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

    • 58,497 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • McAndrews Motors (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 469 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4BKL2MR279687
    Stock: 43462
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 64,567 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Crest Cadillac (462 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 462 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Certified. Cadillac Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Courtesy transportation & 24 hour Roadside Assistance for the life of the warranty and stringent 17...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3CKL9MR331132
    Stock: C60372A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

    • 89,811 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Zeke's Automotive Group (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Smyrna, TN / 451 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKL4MR203384
    Stock: 203384
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 80,854 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine (470 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 470 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine proudly offers this 2021 Cadillac Escalade 4x4 that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4FKL8MR277451
    Stock: 5356021A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 62,962 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • ORR GMC (336 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Longview, TX / 336 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    This 2021 Cadillac Escalade comes equipped with Driver Assist Tech Package (Adaptive Cruise Control, Air Ride Adaptive Suspension, Automatic Seat Belt...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4FKLXMR372951
    Stock: T372951
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 68,730 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Bayway Cadillac of the Woodlands (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in The Woodlands, TX / 337 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Argent Silver Metallic 2023 Cadillac Escalade Sport AWD 10-Speed Automatic 6.2L V8 AWD, Brandy With Very Dark Atmosphere Accents Leather.THIS VEHICL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4FKL3PR131964
    Stock: C250948A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 16,327 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • America Dealer (410 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 410 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3DKL1MR236229
    Stock: 236229
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,971 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Dallas (456 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 456 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Sewell Cadillac of Dallas proudly offers this 2021 Cadillac Escalade 4x4 that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicians. This...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKL5MR385855
    Stock: 5355427A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 71,003 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Nissan of Cool Springs (442 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 442 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.We are thrilled to offer this 2019 Cadillac Escalade Premium Luxury in Black Raven with Black Leather Seat Trim. For m...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4CKJXKR351222
    Stock: N626063A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 45,581 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Dallas (456 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 456 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Sewell Cadillac of Dallas proudly offers this 2021 Cadillac Escalade Rear Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell tech...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3DKL8MR363771
    Stock: 5354989A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 99,950 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • M & M Auto Sales (326 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lincoln, AL / 326 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4BKL3MR432027
    Stock: 432027
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 52,859 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Allen Samuels Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (449 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waco, TX / 449 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Heated Leather Seats, DVD Entertainment System, Third Row Seat, Moonroof, Navigation, OLED INFOTAINMENT EXPERIENCE WITH NAV... Panoramic Roof, Captain...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3DKL2MR330460
    Stock: 24L20009A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 43,230 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • El Compadre Trucks (419 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 419 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3DKL3MR111071
    Stock: 111071
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-04-2024

    • 18,183 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Big Star Cadillac (322 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Friendswood, TX / 322 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    Buy with confidence from Big Star with 170+ point inspection. *ASK YOUR SALES CONSULTANT ABOUT PREFERRED COVERAGE WARRANTY WITH PLATINUM PACKAGE **Big...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3BKL9RR180374
    Stock: R180374T
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-02-2025

    • 90,269 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • El Compadre Trucks (419 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 419 miles away from New Orleans, LA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4BKL8MR353209
    Stock: 353209
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-01-2024

Showing 337 - 357 out of 1,580 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars4 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 4 reviews
  • 5 star
    (75%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Beautiful Car then Major Engine Failure!

David Holihan, 12/28/2021
2021 Cadillac Escalade Premium Luxury Platinum 4dr SUV (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
First off the car: We ordered it from scratch, waited six months and have been rewarded with a wonderful car. We love it. Beautiful in every way, quiet, smooth, powerful, well thought out, I could go on and on. The super cruise control is just that. IT WORKS! It makes long distance driving so much more relaxing. The night vision option works very well and safely. We are delighted … with the vehicle NOW, our review of the engine: Our first real road trip in our beautiful new Escalade ended 1,500 miles away from home with bent valve lifters and broken valves on 10/4/2021 just shy of 6,000 miles: a problem that Cadillac and its dealers knew all about with GM's 420 hp V-8 gas engines. Why didn't WE know about it? We were stuck in Bangor, Maine with a dealership with no loaners to offer and no ability to reliably estimate an ETR ("Maybe a couple of weeks"). It was the peak of this past fall's peak leaf season so no rental cars and no hotel rooms were available. And rates were out of site if they were available. So we flew home to Orlando and rented a car for over a week then flew back to Bangor when the Escalade car was ready. This was much cheaper than the over-priced hotel rooms (even if we could find one). Of course the repairs were totally covered by warranty; but now we're waiting to see if Cadillac will refund the $5,000 it all cost us out of pocket. Our return trip home was uneventful as far as the V-8 goes - the whole vehicle continues to be flawless to this day (12/28/2021)
Report abuse

Used 2021 Cadillac Escalade in New Orleans, LA Values

Estimated values
2021 Cadillac Escalade Sport Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$55,165$58,850$62,540
Clean$54,303$57,915$61,531
Average$52,867$56,358$59,850
Rough$51,000$54,333$57,663

The average list price of a used 2021 Cadillac Escalade in New Orleans, Louisiana is $66,110. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade 2021 for sale in New Orleans, Louisiana is 59,927. Based on the average mileage of 59,927 for used 2021 Cadillac Escalade for sale in New Orleans, LA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade 2021 in New Orleans, Louisiana to be $52,867.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.