Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
478 listings
  • Price Drop
    $37,990
    fair price
    $738 below market
    • 24,277 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 751 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA53AP09RCR82161
    Stock: 2003656504
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $38,990
    fair price
    $327 above market
    • 24,396 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 643 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA53AP00RCR78130
    Stock: 2003645951
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $11,995
    good price
    $661 below market
    • 170,072 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • STLCarZ (229 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in St Charles, MO / 229 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    STLCarZ is dedicated in providing YOU the ultimate buying experience. WE ARE YOUR #1 source for buying quality pre-owned vehicles. We have extensive r...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4Z1C57JEC70254
    Stock: C70254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 7,705 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Erhard BMW of Farmington Hills (425 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 425 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Recent Arrival! * M SPORT PACKAGE *, * PARKING ASSISTANCE PACKAGE *, * BLIND SPOT DETECTION *, * LANE DEPARTURE WARNING *, * ACTIVE DRIVING ASSISTANT ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA43AT07RCN09232
    Stock: X346000
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $39,780
    good price
    $2,653 below market
    • 19,769 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 907 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Premium So...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP09RCN28663
    Stock: MAJ3456
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $16,495
    fair price
    $7 below market
    • 101,539 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Best Deal! Import Store (344 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 344 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Behold the marvel that is the 2018 BMW 4 Series 430i xDrive, a testament to automotive excellence. Equipped with a formidable 2.0L Turbo I4 engine, th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4W5C5XJAE43174
    Stock: BE43174
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,590
    fair price
    $211 below market
    • 43,558 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,250 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4Z1C50JEC59709
    Stock: 2003692211
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,586
    fair price
    $122 below market
    • 72,663 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Jeff Wyler Superior Hyundai (425 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 425 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    GUARANTEED FINANCING! GOT A JOB? GET A CAR! CALL 513-598-8700 TODAY FOR DETAILS. 2016 BMW 4 Series 435i xDrive Jet Black Odometer is 7150 miles below ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA3T7C50G5A38068
    Stock: 6113751B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $49,499
    fair price
    $774 above market
    • 22,535 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Sears Imported Autos (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 224 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    BMW Curved Display w/HUD, Comfort Access Keyless Entry, Connected Package Pro, Heated Front Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Lumbar Support, Premium Pack...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA43AT06RCR93457
    Stock: 5730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $49,699
    fair price
    $1,410 above market
    • 23,595 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Sears Imported Autos (224 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 224 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Apple CarPlay & Android Auto Compatibility, BMW Curved Display w/HUD, Comfort Access Keyless Entry, Connected Package Pro, Heated Front Seats, Heated ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA43AT0XRCR93672
    Stock: 5729
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

    • 42,563 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Humble, TX / 852 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA43AT03RCN53437
    Stock: 8F184W
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

    • 24,738 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,578 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4W7C58JAD29136
    Stock: 2003652433
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $40,900
    fair price
    $442 above market
    • 41,133 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Landers Toyota NWA (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Rogers, AR / 412 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2024 BMW 4 Series 430i 2.0L 4-Cylinder TwinPower Turbo Alpine White CARFAX One-Owner. One Owner, Great Deal, 10 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS bra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23AT06RCN53472
    Stock: CN53472P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $19,999
    fair price
    $338 below market
    • 91,899 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • RoadStar Motors (417 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 417 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4Z1C58JEC70487
    Stock: C70487
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,995
    fair price
    $1,837 above market
    • 68,260 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Conway Imports (182 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Streamwood, IL / 182 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Feel the thrill of the open road in this sleek and sophisticated 2016 BMW 4-Series. This stunning white beauty is not just a car, it's a statement. Wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA3V7C5XG5A27783
    Stock: 11843
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,937
    fair price
    $441 above market
    • 124,919 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gray Auto (344 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Greenfield, IN / 344 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Looking for a reason to purchase your next vehicle from Gray Auto? Just ask one of our clients. Over 60% of our business comes from Positive Referrals...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA4Z1C53JEC70574
    Stock: 15348
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 121 miles
    • No accidents, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Kunes Country Ford Lincoln (164 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Delavan, WI / 164 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2024 BMW 4 Series M440i xDrive FROZEN PURPLE PAINT! DIAMOND SEATS! 3.0L I6 8-Speed Automatic Sport AWD Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 113...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR04RCN38150
    Stock: 01K295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2023

  • Price Drop
    • 568 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Karl Knauz Motors (198 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lake Bluff, IL / 198 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Introducing the stunning 2024 BMW 4 Series 430i, a remarkable blend of luxury and performance. With a striking Mineral White Metallic finish, this 2.0...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA23AT09RCR53364
    Stock: BP6938
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-13-2024

  • New Listing
    • 11,311 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Elmhurst (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 193 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Recent Arrival! 2024 BMW 4 Series 430i xDrive Portimao Blue Metallic Clean CARFAX. Aerodynamic Kit, BMW Curved Display w/HUD, Comfort Access Keyless E...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA73AP04RCP44050
    Stock: B22879L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 14,779 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • BMW of Elmhurst (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 193 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Recent Arrival! 2024 BMW 4 Series M440i xDrive Black Sapphire Metallic Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 2502 miles below market average! Black Mirror Caps, B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR01RCP22932
    Stock: B22853L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 9,652 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Dreyer & Reinbold Subaru (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenwood, IN / 337 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA13AR04RCP60106
    Stock: 32675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

Showing 253 - 273 out of 478 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 4 Series

Read recent reviews for the BMW 4 Series
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars19 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 19 reviews
  • 5 star
    (74%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

It's simple different

Luca C, 01/11/2021
2021 BMW 4 Series M440i xDrive 2dr Coupe AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric mild hybrid 8A)
Beauty is an opinion... but for sure this is different. People complain about cars w/o personality... it has a lot, as exterior, interior, and the awesome powertrain. The M440i is fantastic to drive, ready, quick and efficient too. ---- After 1 year with the M440i, I confirm everything I said. Totally satisfied ---
Report abuse

Used 2024 BMW 4 Series in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2024 BMW 4 Series 430i 2dr Coupe (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$28,725$31,458$34,798
Clean$28,388$31,050$34,304
Average$27,825$30,370$33,482
Rough$27,094$29,486$32,413

The average list price of a used 2024 BMW 4 Series in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $38,576. The average mileage on a used BMW 4 Series 2024 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 44,764. Based on the average mileage of 44,764 for used 2024 BMW 4 Series for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 4 Series 2024 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $27,825.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.