Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,056 listings
  • $19,163
    great price
    $4,936 below market
    • 87,956 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carget Motors (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 29 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    The 2020 Toyota Camry XSE is a striking combination of sporty performance and refined elegance, making it a standout in the midsize sedan segment. Wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61AK6LU304293
    Stock: 304293
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $18,163
    great price
    $2,797 below market
    • 98,153 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Carget Motors (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 29 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    The 2020 Toyota Camry XSE is an exceptional sedan that combines style, performance, and practicality. Renowned for its reliability and innovative feat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61AKXLU325065
    Stock: 325065
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-31-2025

  • $20,499
    great price
    $2,164 below market
    • 123,892 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (11 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 11 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1NZ1AK4LU041029
    Stock: LU041029
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,811
    fair price
    $584 below market
    • 97,900 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Precise Automotive Group (43 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    At Precise Automotive Group, We're making car buying easier and more convenient than ever! Enjoy FREE & FAST Shipping on all vehicles straight to your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AKXLU509877
    Stock: P9877_1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,750
    good price
    $909 below market
    • 83,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Fred's Executive Auto (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 29 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    You won't want to miss this excellent value! Feature-packed and decked out! This 4 door, 5 passenger sedan has just over 80,000 miles. Toyota infused ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK9LU360121
    Stock: 360121
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

  • $19,995
    good price
    $1,700 below market
    • 92,941 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Global Auto Outlet (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 50 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Estimated monthly payment and estimated total purchase price include the Maryland processing fee of $800 (not required by law). Taxes and additional f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61AK1LU375675
    Stock: 375675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,995
    good price
    $1,589 below market
    • 143,905 miles
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Car Stop Auto (31 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Colonial Beach, VA / 31 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    2020 TOYOTA CAMRY SE with powerful 2.5L I-4 DOHC 16-VALVE -INC VVT-IE INTAKE AND engine and driven only 143905 miles! CAR STOP AUTO OF COLONIAL BEACH ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK9LU376027
    Stock: CSA2852
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,400
    fair price
    $627 below market
    • 101,633 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Toyota Leesburg (57 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 57 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Power Tilt/Slide MoonroofSun/MoonroofAll-Weather Floor Liner PackageBlackout Emblem OverlaysLane Keeping AssistRear Spoiler50 State EmissionsBl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK9LU507019
    Stock: LU507019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • $21,000
    fair price
    $162 below market
    • 41,134 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Kia of Woodbridge (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 30 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    2020 Toyota Camry LE **BLUETOOTH**, **WOW WOW**, **LOW LOW MILES**, **EASY TO FINANCE**, **REAR BACKUP CAMERA**, Ash w/Fabric Seat Trim w/SofTex, 4-Wh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11BK3LU018709
    Stock: KWKP200232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $13,499
    great price
    $2,195 below market
    • 108,715 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Auto By Design (44 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 44 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11AK5LU995996
    Stock: 995996
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,497
    fair price
    $268 below market
    • 57,291 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Haley Toyota of Richmond (59 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 59 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    *Vehicle pricing excludes tax, title, tags, $799 processing fee, and $319 fee for theft protection etch.*

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11AK3LU992725
    Stock: KB2108
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

  • $24,590
    fair price
    $816 above market
    • 38,045 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK4LU303812
    Stock: 2003880582
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • $24,990
    fair price
    $57 below market
    • 41,179 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1J11AK1LU320203
    Stock: 2003933464
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • $24,797
    fair price
    $23 above market
    • 64,864 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • DARCARS Toyota of Baltimore (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 88 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    2020 Toyota Camry XSE CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Camry XSE, 4D Sedan, 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V, 8-Speed Automatic, AWD, Celestial Silver, Cockpit Red w/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61BK5LU019566
    Stock: P1D1506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $22,750
    fair price
    $473 above market
    • 57,433 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Bowie (65 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bowie, MD / 65 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Midnight Black Metallic exterior and ASH interior. Heated Seats, Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Alloy Wheels, All Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11BK1LU017012
    Stock: LU017012
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,887
    fair price
    $205 above market
    • 88,659 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Ideal Buick GMC (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 77 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    BACKUP CAMERA, LOCAL TRADE, Black Cloth. Ideal Hyundai Buick GMC - Proud Member Of The Aschenbach Auto Group - Family Owned - Family Values - NO ONE B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK5LU300966
    Stock: T257129B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,887
    fair price
    $552 below market
    • 32,518 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Ideal Buick GMC (77 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 77 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    BACKUP CAMERA, CARFAX 1-OWNER, LOCAL TRADE, LOW MILES, Black Cloth, ABS brakes, Active Cruise Control, Alloy wheels, Electronic Stability Control, Ill...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1M11AK8LU979599
    Stock: H6144502B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • $25,850
    fair price
    $27 above market
    • 25,216 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • District Auto Group (50 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 50 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    Leather, Sunroof/Moonroof, Heated Seats, Navigation System, Bluetooth, Blind Spot Monitoring, Apple Car Play / Android Auto, Black Leather, ABS brakes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61AK5LU965278
    Stock: 803
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,990
    fair price
    $322 above market
    • 39,352 miles
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (43 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 43 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK2LU862985
    Stock: 2003951851
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

    • 25,318 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Dulles (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 51 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11BKXLU004015
    Stock: 27364879
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 73,260 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Lease Return Center (22 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Triangle, VA / 22 miles away from Fredericksburg, VA

    --SUPER CLEAN AND FULLY LOADED CAMRY SE!!!--GORGEOUS WHITE ON BLACK LEATHER!!!--CARFAX CERTIFIED!!!--VERY CLEAN AND SHARP LOOKING CAR!!!!!--LOOKS AND ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK4LU983890
    Stock: 83890
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 3,056 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Camry

Read recent reviews for the Toyota Camry
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars108 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 108 reviews
  • 5 star
    (44%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (13%)
4 out of 5 stars

The battery gets drained every time!!!

Tsedenia Fikru, 06/30/2020
2020 Toyota Camry XSE 4dr Sedan AWD (2.5L 4cyl 8A)
I would think twice before I buy the Camry 2020. My battery gets drained almost every 3 weeks. The dealer say there is no issue with the vehicle. They know what is wrong with the new Camry 2020 but they don't tell us. There is something which drains the battery. I keep bringing my vehicle every time till I get this issue resolved.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Toyota Camry in Fredericksburg, VA Values

Estimated values
2020 Toyota Camry XSE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$18,942$21,177$23,338
Clean$18,472$20,630$22,712
Average$17,688$19,719$21,669
Rough$16,669$18,533$20,312

The average list price of a used 2020 Toyota Camry in Fredericksburg, Virginia is $20,538. The average mileage on a used Toyota Camry 2020 for sale in Fredericksburg, Virginia is 72,494. Based on the average mileage of 72,494 for used 2020 Toyota Camry for sale in Fredericksburg, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Camry 2020 in Fredericksburg, Virginia to be $17,688.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.