Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
5,138 listings
  • $23,598
    fair price
    $358 above market
    • 56,229 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dulles Kia (399 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 399 miles away from Columbia, SC

    1 OWNER CARFAX, 310 HP ECOBOOST, 200A PACKAGE, REAR CAMERA, APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO, HEATED SEATS, POWER SEATS, HEATED/VENTILATED SEATS, USB MEDIA ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UHXN5118709
    Stock: P3994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $37,999
    fair price
    $975 above market
    • 48,888 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Greenway Kia at the Avenues (268 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 268 miles away from Columbia, SC

    12" LCD Digital Instrument Cluster w/MyColor, Adaptive Cruise Control, Automatic High Beam, Blind Spot Info System w/Cross-Traffic Alert, Engine Spun ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CFXL5183635
    Stock: L5183635
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

    • 7,250 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Porsche Owings Mills (439 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Owings Mills, MD / 439 miles away from Columbia, SC

    2022 Ford Mustang Mach 1 Iconic Silver MetallicThe 2022 Ford Mustang Mach 1 is a track-ready muscle car that blends classic style with modern performa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8R07N5555227
    Stock: BP1103
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2024

  • Know your buying power

    Shop smarter by knowing your car’s value.

    Appraise my car
  • New Listing
    • 52,569 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Burns Chevrolet (65 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Rock Hill, SC / 65 miles away from Columbia, SC

    SummaryBURNS CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED VEHICLES INCLUDES A 1 YEAR/ 12,000 MILE BUMPER TO BUMPER WARRANTY..EquipmentThe leather seats in th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH5N5103826
    Stock: 41592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 35,362 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl manual
    • Kerry Ford (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Springdale, OH / 412 miles away from Columbia, SC

    Grabber Lime 2020 Ford Mustang EcoBoost RWD 6-Speed Manual 2.3L I4 Turbocharged EcoBoost Mustang EcoBoost, 2D Coupe, 2.3L I4 Turbocharged EcoBoost, 6-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH4L5123951
    Stock: P8796
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 43,089 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dream Work Automotive (86 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 86 miles away from Columbia, SC

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Race Red 2020 Ford Mustang EcoBoost RWD 10-Speed Automatic 2.3L High Performance EcoBoostOdometer is 6328 miles belo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH0L5188779
    Stock: L5188779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 62,223 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Timeless Motorcars (365 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 365 miles away from Columbia, SC

    Timeless Motorcars we Thrive on our Customer Service and the capability to Provide cars to the community at a Fair Price. When you buy from Timeless M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH8L5147087
    Stock: 147087
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,400
    fair price
    $729 above market
    • 68,807 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Nissan of Cool Springs (356 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 356 miles away from Columbia, SC

    We are thrilled to offer this 2022 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Premium in Shadow Black with Ebony Premium Synthetic Seat Trim. For more details on this Must...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH3N5120320
    Stock: L345591A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 20,214 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Carvana - Atlanta (200 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 200 miles away from Columbia, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF2L5178414
    Stock: 2003697073
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 18,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Columbus Sawmill (436 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 436 miles away from Columbia, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH8L5176233
    Stock: 27327520
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $25,990
    fair price
    $1,025 above market
    • 62,358 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Birmingham (337 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 337 miles away from Columbia, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH8N5105987
    Stock: 2003700722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,595
    great price
    $5,969 below market
    • 49,284 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driver's Mart (374 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Winter Park, FL / 374 miles away from Columbia, SC

    This 2023 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Premium, has a Shadow Black exterior and an Ebony interior color. 49284 miles. Stock Number P5102663. You can ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH5P5102663
    Stock: P5102663
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,498
    fair price
    $1,116 above market
    • 102,302 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Dulles Kia (399 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 399 miles away from Columbia, SC

    REAR CAMERA, ANDROID AUTO/CARPLAY TPLINK, 300A PACKAGE, 6-SPEED MANUAL, AUTO HEADLIGHTS, SEQUENTIAL OEM TAIL LIGHTS, FOG LIGHTS, CARBON WRAPEPD HOOD, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF0L5167119
    Stock: P3933A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 18,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Hyman Bros. Automobiles West Broad (315 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 315 miles away from Columbia, SC

    - Options: MINI SPARE WHEEL, EQUIPMENT GROUP 401A, SHADOW BLACK, SHOWSTOPPER RED, LEATHER-TRIMMED BUCKET SEATS W/COLOR ACCENTS, TRANSMISSION: 6-SPEED ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8FF4N5149496
    Stock: H9407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2024

  • $23,995
    fair price
    $235 above market
    • 62,783 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Hubler Chevrolet Center (463 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Shelbyville, IN / 463 miles away from Columbia, SC

    Please confirm the accuracy of the included equipment by calling us prior to purchase.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH8N5119132
    Stock: P9049
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 31,934 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Atlanta (200 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 200 miles away from Columbia, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH1N5130133
    Stock: 2003693755
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $34,695
    great price
    $7,013 below market
    • 16,561 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Sport Subaru South (389 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 389 miles away from Columbia, SC

    Rev up your life with this sleek and reliable ride - your ticket to endless adventures awaits!!! Sport Auto Group's ONE PRICE means you NEVER PAY too ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8FF1K5117097
    Stock: KS117097
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

    • 48,768 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Palace (426 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 426 miles away from Columbia, SC

    This vehicle is either still currenty in transport or has just arrived and going through an inspection and detail. If you would like more informat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF4L5158312
    Stock: RF23
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 61,515 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Capital Mazda of Cary (174 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Cary, NC / 174 miles away from Columbia, SC

    Capital of Cary is pumped up to offer this fantastic 2022 Ford Mustang Oxford White EcoBoost Premium with the following features: ONE OWNER, Mustang E...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH3N5100892
    Stock: CAD7185
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 27,272 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Lexington (336 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 336 miles away from Columbia, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH5L5166907
    Stock: 26950531
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 53,231 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Myrtle Beach (117 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 117 miles away from Columbia, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH9L5122956
    Stock: 27086162
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 274 - 294 out of 5,138 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Mustang

Read recent reviews for the Ford Mustang
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (84%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

EcoBoost High Performance Package Above The Rest

Jason D. , 12/31/2019
2020 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Premium 2dr Coupe (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
I bought the 2020 EcoBoost HPP 3 Months ago. Was the first owner of one in my state. This car can move. It has a lot of power and accelerates very quickly. It handles corners very strongly and blind spots are non existent. Feels great when accelerating and on corners. Loaded with modern convenience. Never have I had more compliments on any vehicle I’ve ever owned in 43 years. I would buy … it again and again.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Ford Mustang in Columbia, SC Values

Estimated values
2022 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Premium 2dr Convertible (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,112$21,130$22,196
Clean$19,820$20,767$21,757
Average$19,335$20,163$21,024
Rough$18,703$19,377$20,071

The average list price of a used 2022 Ford Mustang in Columbia, South Carolina is $27,948. The average mileage on a used Ford Mustang 2022 for sale in Columbia, South Carolina is 45,143. Based on the average mileage of 45,143 for used 2022 Ford Mustang for sale in Columbia, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Mustang 2022 in Columbia, South Carolina to be $19,335.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.