Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
5,112 listings
  • New Listing
    $24,590
    fair price
    $300 above market
    • 70,035 miles
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 563 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3DC3MW106189
    Stock: 2003841740
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

    • 47,917 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NJ to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Maple Shade, NJ / 1,442 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT3BB5MC834809
    Stock: 26976852
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $26,998
    fair price
    $475 above market
    • 34,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 975 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3CBXMW238262
    Stock: 27240691
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,632 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Humble Hyundai (144 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Humble, TX / 144 miles away from Austin, TX

    2023 Nissan Rogue SL with 40,632 miles, 1.5L DOHC 12-Valve Turbocharged Engine, XTRONIC XVT. Supper Black(BLACK) Exterior with Charcoal leather interi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (29 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8BT3CA9PW407123
    Stock: T407123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

    • 52,227 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Houston (130 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 130 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1BT3ABXPC852328
    Stock: 2003653020
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 48,497 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales West San Antonio (81 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 81 miles away from Austin, TX

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (30 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8BT3BA4PW418841
    Stock: 8F93JH
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,998
    fair price
    $452 above market
    • 45,316 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 1,312 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT3BB4MC806600
    Stock: 27244452
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 50,129 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Houston Katy Freeway (120 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 120 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1BT3CB6PC792660
    Stock: 27056685
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 55,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen Clear Lake (164 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in League City, TX / 164 miles away from Austin, TX

    Midnight Pine Metallic 2019 4D Sport Utility Nissan Rogue SL CVT with Xtronic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V WI FI, SATELLITE RADIO / SIRIUS XM, MOONROOF SUNROOF...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MT6KC728883
    Stock: 13657A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 110,157 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Keating Nissan (132 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 132 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNMAT2MT3KP520893
    Stock: KP520893
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 140,577 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Keating Nissan (132 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 132 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3BA5MW016821
    Stock: MW016821
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

    • 34,321 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Dallas Lease Returns (194 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 194 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT3BA6MC722222
    Stock: MC722222
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,590
    fair price
    $197 above market
    • 89,420 miles
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 362 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3BB7MW216219
    Stock: 2003724216
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,990
    fair price
    $708 above market
    • 39,656 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 969 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3CBXMW240657
    Stock: 2003838531
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • $24,998
    fair price
    $775 above market
    • 43,115 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Newport News, VA / 1,302 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT3CB9MC752306
    Stock: 26583362
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,832 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (185 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 185 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1BT3CB3PC810516
    Stock: 2003689466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 135,593 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (189 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Mesquite, TX / 189 miles away from Austin, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Satellite Radio,Heated S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT2MTXHW392039
    Stock: HW392039A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 16,845 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Peltier Subaru (199 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 199 miles away from Austin, TX

    **WE DELIVER ANYWHERE**, **TEEN SAFE**, **REAR VIEW CAMERA**, **POWER LIFTGATE**, **NON SMOKER**, **KEYLESS ENTRY**, **BLUETOOTH HANDS FREE CALLING**,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8BT3BB4PW488977
    Stock: PS4148
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 62,605 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Western Motors (138 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 138 miles away from Austin, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AT2MTXKC813158
    Stock: 813158
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 71,614 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Burleson Honda (162 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Burleson, TX / 162 miles away from Austin, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. Pearl White Tricoat 2021 Nissan Rogue SV FWD CVT with Xtronic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V 26/34 City/Highway MPG Recen...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3BA3MW018034
    Stock: MW018034A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

    • 55,585 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,181 miles away from Austin, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AT3CA3MW019540
    Stock: 2003785139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

Showing 925 - 945 out of 5,112 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Rogue

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Rogue
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars68 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 68 reviews
  • 5 star
    (46%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (22%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

Definitely an SUV worth considering

Mosimus , 02/17/2020
2020 Nissan Rogue SV 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl CVT)
This is my first new car purchase, it replaced a 2004 Trailblazer so the driving dynamics are very different. I have driven the comparable Toyota and Honda offerings, and genuinely feel this is a great value. The tech and safety features are excellent for the price point. Some people complain that it feels sluggish, but my daily is an F-150 with a 5.0 v8 pushing 380hp, and I have never … felt the Rogue to be sluggish. It has plenty of zip for my needs, the handling feels like a much smaller car, it’s responsive and tight. This is my first car with a CVT and I have no complaints so far. I know the old complaints about cvt’s and have experienced them in other cars, but this one feels more like a proper transmission, and I’m super impressed. We’ll see how it holds up long term, but I think they have come a long way since their inception. Anyone in the market for a compact crossover should definitely consider the Rogue, so far it seems to be a great value in it’s class. Update: After three years and 27k miles of daily use and minimal maintenance I can report that the Rogue has continued to be an excellent car. No major issues, just oil changes and basic maintenance. I do plan on getting the CVT fluid changed at 30k miles, it’s sooner than Nissan recommends, but from what I have read if the fluid is changed every 30k miles significantly increases the lifespan of the CVT.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Nissan Rogue in Austin, TX Values

Estimated values
2021 Nissan Rogue Platinum 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$19,955$21,578$23,214
Clean$19,484$21,040$22,605
Average$18,700$20,145$21,590
Rough$17,681$18,980$20,270

The average list price of a used 2021 Nissan Rogue in Austin, Texas is $21,833. The average mileage on a used Nissan Rogue 2021 for sale in Austin, Texas is 61,808. Based on the average mileage of 61,808 for used 2021 Nissan Rogue for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Rogue 2021 in Austin, Texas to be $18,700.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.