Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,077 listings

Save with BMW 3 Series rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 18,588 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,507 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5U9C00LFH06462
    Stock: 2003765187
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 35,965 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 20 mi est. electric range
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Shrewsbury (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Shrewsbury, MA / 8 miles away from Worcester, MA

    BMW of Shrewsbury is Proud to Present this.. Black Sapphire Metallic 2022 BMW 3 Series 330e xDrive 2.0L 4-Cylinder 8-Speed Automatic Sport AWD CARFAX ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5P9J09N8C65966
    Stock: BU2164
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 90,677 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Cars On Main (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manchester, CT / 50 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R7J02L8B13037
    Stock: B13037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • $40,990
    fair price
    $561 below market
    • 47,109 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,013 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5U7J02L8B32038
    Stock: 2003806044
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,771 miles
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,645 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5U7C06LFH54715
    Stock: 27445183
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $27,590
    fair price
    $396 above market
    • 33,889 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 1,088 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R1J06L8B14009
    Stock: 2003725332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 81,961 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Winston Salem, NC / 624 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5R1C06LFH69746
    Stock: 27047611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 28,454 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,587 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5U7C07LA234176
    Stock: 2003798682
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 78,378 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 900 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R1J05L8B07858
    Stock: 2003747011
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 85,054 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to MA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 820 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R7J00L8B07737
    Stock: 26456650
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 35,962 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,725 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R1J0XL8B27443
    Stock: 2003835169
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 48,904 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to MA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Boynton Beach, FL / 1,182 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R1J05L8B17886
    Stock: 27300654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 59,615 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to MA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 354 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R7J06L8B07340
    Stock: 27364192
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 39,163 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 149 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5U9C05LAF54479
    Stock: 2003808064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 80,052 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Maxima Auto Sales (42 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Malden, MA / 42 miles away from Worcester, MA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R1J04L8B25025
    Stock: B25025
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,220 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Shoreline Hyundai (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Old Saybrook, CT / 72 miles away from Worcester, MA

    2020 BMW 3 Series M340i xDrive is a performance-oriented luxury sedan that blends driving thrills with everyday practicality. Powered by a 3.0-liter t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5U9C06LFJ79606
    Stock: CP2391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 51,183 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 1,088 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5U7C02LAF54251
    Stock: 2003733737
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

    • 21,461 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Herb Chambers BMW of Medford (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Medford, MA / 39 miles away from Worcester, MA

    INSPECTION COMPLETED Every Herb Chambers Certified pre-owned vehicle receives a complete multi-point inspection by factory trained technicians who ins...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R7J07N8C45858
    Stock: BP2750
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 25,438 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to MA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 362 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R7J00L8B32394
    Stock: 27253116
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    fair price
    $1,483 above market
    • 26,835 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to MA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 333 miles away from Worcester, MA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MW5R7J06L8B18029
    Stock: 27524035
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 27,093 miles
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 698 miles away from Worcester, MA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA5R7C05LFH50365
    Stock: 2003825662
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

Showing 85 - 105 out of 1,077 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 3 Series

Read recent reviews for the BMW 3 Series
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Addictive acceleration and grip

George Lakkas, 05/27/2019
2020 BMW 3 Series M340i 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
This is my first review on Edmund’s. I owned a 2011 F10 BMW 550i M sport and decided to downsize once I saw the 2020 M340i. The car is amazing. Plenty of power almost instantly on tap and the grip is incredible. The steering is very sharp and precise. This car demands respect. I love the Sport Plus mode where the exhaust backfires. Sounds like a Porsche. I use the Sport Individual mode … where I can tune the steering, engine and transmission to what I like. The M340i has M adaptive suspension, transmission and brakes. The braking is so important especially on this car. I have all the options except AWD and the optional 255 rear tires. This car has the latest BMW computer and ADAS system. I find the ADAS features overwhelming and actually annoying. The lane departure system is annoying and the car will try to steer you back into your lane if it feels you made a lane change too quickly. And the ADAS is always on when you turn the engine on, so you have to turn it off when you start the car by pressing a button in the dashboard. The remote access is very convenient as it unlocks the car and unfolds it the mirrors when you approach the car. The Automated Parking feature needs to be improved as I tried it once and if I had not paid attention it would have backed into a garbage bin. This is a driver’s car and the seats, steering and digital cluster are fantastic. The seats are very supportive. They should make the steering wheel and headrests also adjustable via switches, Right now they are manual. There are plenty of cup holders which is great, also in the doors, and 3 USB ports and wireless charging. The rear legroom is obviously less than a 5 series but still decent and you get an armrest with cup holders. The headroom is pretty good and the trunk space is quite large. This car is so fast that you definitely need to learn how to drive it and respect it. If you don’t want to buy an M this is the closest it can get to an M. The M340i will always put a smile on your face.
Report abuse

Used 2020 BMW 3 Series in Worcester, MA Values

Estimated values
2020 BMW 3 Series M340i xDrive 4dr Sedan AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$34,832$38,033$41,121
Clean$34,060$37,164$40,155
Average$32,772$35,717$38,546
Rough$31,098$33,836$36,454

The average list price of a used 2020 BMW 3 Series in Worcester, Massachusetts is $32,675. The average mileage on a used BMW 3 Series 2020 for sale in Worcester, Massachusetts is 48,894. Based on the average mileage of 48,894 for used 2020 BMW 3 Series for sale in Worcester, MA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 3 Series 2020 in Worcester, Massachusetts to be $32,772.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.