Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
4,314 listings
  • New Listing
    $22,990
    fair price
    $908 above market
    • 36,826 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (80 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 80 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11AK1LU366025
    Stock: 2003895596
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $15,250
    fair price
    $473 below market
    • 102,865 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (112 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 112 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HK6JU111739
    Stock: JU111739
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $24,590
    fair price
    $901 above market
    • 38,045 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (80 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 80 miles away from Hampton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK4LU303812
    Stock: 2003880582
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,998
    fair price
    $1,079 above market
    • 26,029 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Frederick (153 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 153 miles away from Hampton, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1BZ1HK7JU502875
    Stock: 27203147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,250
    good price
    $736 below market
    • 156,280 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Easton Toyota (121 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Easton, MD / 121 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HK0JU102695
    Stock: KETP220081A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,894
    fair price
    $224 below market
    • 60,985 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Motorcars of Gaithersburg (155 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 155 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Regularly maintained, Non-smoker owner, Vehicle Runs Well, Must test drive, MD Safety Inspection, Family friendly, Title in possession, New floor mats

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HK1JU040434
    Stock: YA040434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $21,333
    fair price
    $364 above market
    • 65,170 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Auction Direct USA (150 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 150 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Clean CARFAX. Auction Direct is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2020 Toyota Camry SE is loaded with the f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK8LU304817
    Stock: AD01290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • $13,499
    great price
    $1,979 below market
    • 108,715 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Auto By Design (144 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 144 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11AK5LU995996
    Stock: 995996
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,517
    fair price
    $342 above market
    • 115,999 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Terry Subaru (158 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 158 miles away from Hampton, VA

    This 2020 Toyota Camry SE in White features: 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V FWD Stock numbers starting with VA are located at Terry Auto Outlet at 2828 Candlers Mtn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK7LU887591
    Stock: CC12349
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $14,999
    good price
    $1,042 below market
    • 100,017 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Koons of Woodbridge (121 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 121 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Visit Koons Automotive of Woodbridge online at www.koonsofwoodbridge.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 571-285-3277 today to sch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11AK4LU400362
    Stock: 37472
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,400
    fair price
    $351 above market
    • 64,864 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • DARCARS Toyota of Baltimore (158 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 158 miles away from Hampton, VA

    2020 Toyota Camry XSE CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Camry XSE, 4D Sedan, 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V, 8-Speed Automatic, AWD, Celestial Silver, Cockpit Red w/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61BK5LU019566
    Stock: P1D1506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,295
    fair price
    $363 below market
    • 50,974 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • Fayetteville DriveTime (197 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, NC / 197 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61AK6LU332742
    Stock: 1190214070
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $21,000
    good price
    $278 below market
    • 41,134 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Kia of Woodbridge (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 123 miles away from Hampton, VA

    2020 Toyota Camry LE **BLUETOOTH**, **WOW WOW**, **LOW LOW MILES**, **EASY TO FINANCE**, **REAR BACKUP CAMERA**, Ash w/Fabric Seat Trim w/SofTex, 4-Wh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1C11BK3LU018709
    Stock: KWKP200232
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $23,000
    fair price
    $388 above market
    • 30,156 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Koons White Marsh Chevrolet (164 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 164 miles away from Hampton, VA

    *1-Owner**Backup Camera**Bluetooth Connectivity**CarPlay*Great 1-Owner Local Trade 2020 Toyota Camry SE in Midnight Black Metallic with Backup Camer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK4LU954230
    Stock: KWM250188A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • $14,499
    fair price
    $154 below market
    • 116,031 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (112 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 112 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HKXJU598928
    Stock: JU598928
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $16,755
    fair price
    $684 above market
    • 107,939 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Regnum Auto Motors (136 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 136 miles away from Hampton, VA

    *2018 Toyota Camry SE for Sale in Manassas, VA | Sporty FWD Sedan with Advanced Safety and Comfort Features*The 2018 Toyota Camry SE is a stylish fron...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HK0JU593155
    Stock: 593155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,987
    fair price
    $220 above market
    • 88,659 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Ideal Buick GMC (174 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 174 miles away from Hampton, VA

    BACKUP CAMERA, LOCAL TRADE, Black Cloth. Ideal Hyundai Buick GMC - Proud Member Of The Aschenbach Auto Group - Family Owned - Family Values - NO ONE B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1G11AK5LU300966
    Stock: T257129B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,795
    fair price
    $61 above market
    • 93,682 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Cartown (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 134 miles away from Hampton, VA

    All our Vehicles goes through VA safety inspection before listing for sales. Fresh oil change and filter (Mobil 1) and all fluids have either been cha...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HK7JU055648
    Stock: cti2045
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $16,499
    fair price
    $389 above market
    • 125,606 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Supreme Motors (112 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 112 miles away from Hampton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B61HK2JU029783
    Stock: JU029783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 9,003 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Salisbury (106 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Salisbury, MD / 106 miles away from Hampton, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1B11HK2JU614216
    Stock: 27284330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,850
    fair price
    $253 above market
    • 25,216 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • District Auto Group (130 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 130 miles away from Hampton, VA

    Leather, Sunroof/Moonroof, Heated Seats, Navigation System, Bluetooth, Blind Spot Monitoring, Apple Car Play / Android Auto, Black Leather, ABS brakes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4T1K61AK5LU965278
    Stock: 803
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 4,314 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota Camry

Read recent reviews for the Toyota Camry
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars165 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 165 reviews
  • 5 star
    (45%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (13%)
  • 1 star
    (14%)
4 out of 5 stars

My 5th Camry

Gabriel Romano, 05/01/2019
2019 Toyota Camry LE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl 8A)
The 2019 is the fifth Camry I have leased. The previous four were all reliable and great performers. I love the new styling of the 2019 Camry. The ride is also awesome. The problem with the car is very sluggish and delayed acceleration. My other four Camry's were very responsive and had quick acceleration, so much better than the 2019. I can't believe that the folks at Toyota aren't … aware of this. I am very disappointed with the car's performance. Too bad, because it really is a nice car. Won't get a sixth one unless they fix this. Hoping for a software update or a recall to fix this very noticeable acceleration problem.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Toyota Camry in Hampton, VA Values

Estimated values
2020 Toyota Camry LE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$15,023$17,465$19,825
Clean$14,650$17,014$19,293
Average$14,028$16,262$18,407
Rough$13,220$15,284$17,255

The average list price of a used 2020 Toyota Camry in Hampton, Virginia is $19,876. The average mileage on a used Toyota Camry 2020 for sale in Hampton, Virginia is 74,485. Based on the average mileage of 74,485 for used 2020 Toyota Camry for sale in Hampton, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota Camry 2020 in Hampton, Virginia to be $14,028.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.