Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
118 listings
  • Price Drop
    $28,499
    fair price
    $896 below market
    • 63,783 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Princeton BMW (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hamilton Township, NJ / 67 miles away from Reading, PA

    Heated Seats, Sunroof, Alloy Wheels, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Hybrid, Back-Up Camera, All Wheel Drive, HEATED LEATHER STEERING WHEEL, POWER TI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA7JC024928
    Stock: JC024928
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,970
    great price
    $2,355 below market
    • 81,267 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Mount Laurel (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 60 miles away from Reading, PA

    Heated Leather Seats, NAV, Sunroof, All Wheel Drive, Alloy Wheels, ACCESSORY PACKAGE, LUXURY PACKAGE, TOUCH-FREE POWER REAR DOOR. This vehicle is lo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA8HC012863
    Stock: HC012863
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • $29,900
    fair price
    $46 above market
    • 92,609 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • DA Motors (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 51 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA5JC026595
    Stock: 21394
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $29,000
    fair price
    $233 above market
    • 79,813 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Towson (74 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Towson, MD / 74 miles away from Reading, PA

    2019 Lexus RX 450h Nightfall Mica AWD eCVT 3.5L V6 DOHC VVT-i 24V---READY TO GO---, ---SERVICED HERE---, ---FREE CARWASHES---, 3.5L V6 DOHC VVT-i 24V,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCAXKC031471
    Stock: T2089A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-10-2024

    • 67,505 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Wilkie Lexus (40 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Haverford, PA / 40 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA9HC012368
    Stock: 251201A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

    • 72,596 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,324 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA2JC026540
    Stock: 2003835120
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 41,018 miles
    • Issue reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mainline Auto Sales (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Deptford, NJ / 56 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA7KC034103
    Stock: 034103-
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $31,990
    fair price
    $579 below market
    • 54,520 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 2,034 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA4JC027091
    Stock: 2003760618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $36,998
    fair price
    $684 above market
    • 51,767 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Parker, CO / 1,522 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA9JC021903
    Stock: 27414819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $34,998
    fair price
    $1,172 above market
    • 45,511 miles
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 2,320 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA4JC024885
    Stock: 27672623
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 30,617 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Car2Sell (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hillside, NJ / 93 miles away from Reading, PA

    Visit Car2Sell online at car2sell.us to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 888-703-0003 today to schedule your test drive.We Finance Goo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HGMDA9LC054458
    Stock: LC054458B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 63,544 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Conicelli Nissan (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Conshohocken, PA / 37 miles away from Reading, PA

    CARFAX 1-Owner! This 2018 Lexus RX 450h, has a great Nightfall Mica exterior, and a clean Parchment 02 interior! -Only 63,544 miles which is low for a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA0JC023877
    Stock: NP11492
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 55,539 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 2,315 miles away from Reading, PA

    Green Vehicle,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA4JC024711
    Stock: JC024711A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 30,098 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Holman Toyota (60 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 60 miles away from Reading, PA

    Experience the perfect blend of luxury, performance, and efficiency with the 2020 Lexus RX 450h AWD. Powered by a sophisticated 3.5L V6 engine featuri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HGMDA0LC051450
    Stock: LC051450
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • $25,990
    fair price
    $598 below market
    • 100,657 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 933 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA3HC020241
    Stock: 2003800362
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $23,500
    fair price
    $165 below market
    • 113,113 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in West Allis, WI / 650 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCAXHC009902
    Stock: N56876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $29,493
    good price
    $2,149 below market
    • 81,907 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Lehigh Valley (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Allentown, PA / 26 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA2KC036759
    Stock: 10A10293A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 31,461 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,264 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA3KC039539
    Stock: 2003938361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,998
    fair price
    $233 below market
    • 103,160 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Federal Heights, CO / 1,530 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA8HC009882
    Stock: 27011305
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $35,998
    good price
    $971 below market
    • 57,439 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NV to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 2,126 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA5KC041664
    Stock: 27045061
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,998
    fair price
    $1,035 below market
    • 111,359 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Wayne (97 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 97 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ZB1BA6FC004125
    Stock: 27320605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 118 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus RX 450h

Read recent reviews for the Lexus RX 450h
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars47 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 47 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best Family SUV for the Money

Emre Afsar, 08/09/2018
2018 Lexus RX 450h 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
I am an enthusiast and shopped for months for a larger family SUV. In terms of comfort, space, and fuel economy there is nothing in the market that comes close to the RX 450h. It feels solid and substantial behind the wheel. Effortless steering and acceleration, great visibility thanks to the A pillar and side mirror design. Whisper quiet at any speed and the hybrid powertrain works … seamlessly. Definitely go with the upgraded 12.3 inch infotainment system as it has better input method with the joystick (as oppose to the wheel controller on the base system) and the definition of the screen is very high. Averaging 32 MPG on our first tank so far with the AC on all the time. Speaking of which it is the best AC system I have experienced in any car. Works in conjunction with the heated/ventilated seats and cools the cabin incredibly fast and works super quiet. No negatives or complaints so far, an excellent luxury mid-size SUV. Highly recommended!
Report abuse

Used 2018 Lexus RX 450h in Reading, PA Values

Estimated values
2018 Lexus RX 450h 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,610$27,434$29,759
Clean$24,011$26,751$29,001
Average$23,013$25,612$27,738
Rough$21,714$24,132$26,096

The average list price of a used 2018 Lexus RX 450h in Reading, Pennsylvania is $31,009. The average mileage on a used Lexus RX 450h 2018 for sale in Reading, Pennsylvania is 68,061. Based on the average mileage of 68,061 for used 2018 Lexus RX 450h for sale in Reading, PA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus RX 450h 2018 in Reading, Pennsylvania to be $23,013.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.