Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
185 listings
  • New Listing
    $27,385
    good price
    $2,098 below market
    • 77,604 miles
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,224 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA0KC033021
    Stock: L17539T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 25,837 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (430 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 430 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HGMDA2MC069174
    Stock: MC069174P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 46,894 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Southwest Ford (254 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hudson Oaks, TX / 254 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    3.5L V6 DOHC VVT-i 24V, AWD. Clean CARFAX.Call or email to check availability. Ask about the SouthWest Connect. ***817-438-2981***This 2021 Lexus ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HGMDA8MC070443
    Stock: X00758A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

    • 110,764 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Cummins Ford Lincoln (155 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Weatherford, OK / 155 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BC1BA6FC001806
    Stock: F55491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 117,488 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Garland (230 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 230 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA8D2412588
    Stock: 27299702
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,995
    good price
    $768 below market
    • 181,779 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Automotive Wholesale Center (351 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Saint Charles, MO / 351 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA2D2441423
    Stock: 12048
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 57,936 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 913 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA3KC034938
    Stock: 2003904309
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

    • 192,868 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Briggs Supercenter Manhattan (210 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Manhattan, KS / 210 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    This 2013 Lexus RX 450h Base, comes in Starfire Pearl exterior with Light Gray interior. 192868 miles. Stock Number D2009466 If you decide to speak w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA6D2009466
    Stock: D2009466
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 27,280 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Lexus Plano (219 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 219 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2HGMDA4MC070276
    Stock: PLD253360A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

    • 184,336 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Smart Lexus (474 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Davenport, IA / 474 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BC1BA7FC004911
    Stock: L6N004911
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 93,203 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Spirit Lexus (353 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in St. Louis, MO / 353 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BC1BA7FC008070
    Stock: P7N008070
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 111,550 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Austin North (408 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 408 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJBC1BA6D2446852
    Stock: 27671528
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 111,918 miles
    • 3 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NM to OK*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 598 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BC1BA1FC003544
    Stock: 27114905
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 90,142 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Baton Rouge (489 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 489 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJZB1BA5D2007949
    Stock: 27541156
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 97,681 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 30 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,019 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (30 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BC1BA6FC008769
    Stock: 2003853961
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 80,930 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,403 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ZB1BA3FC004034
    Stock: 2003890072
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,616 miles
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to OK*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 1,249 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2BGMCA4KC041378
    Stock: 27622626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 60,647 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 32 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Universe (355 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 355 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (32 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ZB1BAXFC001115
    Stock: 005102
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 66,121 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Lexus Plano (219 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 219 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2YGMDA0MC066242
    Stock: PLD253494A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,590
    good price
    $3,366 below market
    • 27,492 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,403 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2JGMDA8LC055411
    Stock: 2003848641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 52,394 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 31 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (236 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 236 miles away from Tulsa, OK

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (31 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2YGMDA8NC086742
    Stock: 2003874190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

Showing 85 - 105 out of 185 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus RX 450h

Read recent reviews for the Lexus RX 450h
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Lexus RX 450 > 350

TW, 01/13/2018
2017 Lexus RX 450h 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)
I spent a lot of time shopping for my new car and ended up buying the Lexus RX 450h. Before settling on the RX 450h I drove many of the competing vehicles including Audi SQ5, Q7, Mercedes GLC AMG, GLE, Volvo XC60 and XC90. I also drove the Lexus RX 350 as well. Initially I wasn't looking for a hybrid but I am glad I drove the 450h and ended up buying it. I've driven other hybrids as … rental cars over the years (Prius and Ford Fusion) and in most cases the switch between electric and gas isn't particularly smooth, not so in the RX. Other than hearing the gas engine, it's just continuous power and smoothly switches over. The CVT makes the vehicle incredibly smooth as well with no gear changes. For the 2017s, the hybrid carries a pretty big premium for the base vehicle but upon closer inspection, it comes with a lot of standard features and in the end it really only adds about $1800 to the price of the vehicle. For 2018, the hybrid packaging is different and now has the same features as the base 350. The premium is now only about $1000. For that you get, in my opinion a much smoother vehicle and much better gas mileage. Bottom line, even if you aren't interested in the hybrid for environmental reasons, I still think it is a better vehicle and worth the upgrade costs. To address one common complaint, the weakest part of the RX vehicles is the user interface for the entertainment/navigation system. The remote touch control isn't as convenient as some other systems but it is more than adequate. Some times the user interface is a bit more complex than needed. That said, you will get used to it and don't let that turn you off from a great vehicle. Bottom line, if you are going to test drive RXs, take an RX 450h for a spin. I think you will like it.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Lexus RX 450h in Tulsa, OK Values

Estimated values
2019 Lexus RX 450h 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,284$26,546$28,556
Clean$23,771$25,981$27,943
Average$22,918$25,041$26,923
Rough$21,808$23,817$25,597

The average list price of a used 2019 Lexus RX 450h in Tulsa, Oklahoma is $27,850. The average mileage on a used Lexus RX 450h 2019 for sale in Tulsa, Oklahoma is 87,690. Based on the average mileage of 87,690 for used 2019 Lexus RX 450h for sale in Tulsa, OK and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus RX 450h 2019 in Tulsa, Oklahoma to be $22,918.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.