Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
41 listings
  • New Listing
    • 102,604 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Richmond (100 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 100 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL9F0183342
    Stock: 2003465365
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • $10,221
    fair price
    $796 below market
    • 99,568 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, NY / 436 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    High Demand,3rd Row Seat,Brake Assist,3rd Row Seat,4 Cylinder Engine,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,5-Speed A/T,A/C,ABS,Adjustable Steering Wheel,Aluminum Wheels...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL2F0181268
    Stock: F0181268P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $13,299
    fair price
    $1,007 above market
    • 78,107 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gaithersburg Mazda (176 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 176 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    All conditions subject to credit approval. Dealer installed options additional. All offers plus Tax, Tags. Processing charge of $800. Stock photo colo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL3F0183532
    Stock: M25132A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-01-2024

  • New Listing
    $14,998
    fair price
    $1,535 above market
    • 62,100 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in San Jose, CA / 2,493 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL3F0180419
    Stock: 26734824
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 32,957 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MS to VA*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Biloxi, MS / 854 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL1F0191161
    Stock: 25254009
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,799
    great price
    $1,627 below market
    • 104,915 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • 63 Auto (120 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Spotsylvania, VA / 120 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    This Vehicle is offered for sale by 63 Auto Inc, 5531 Morris Rd, Spotsylvania. Vist our website at 63autova.com.We offered financing at competitive ra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2DL8C0128261
    Stock: 63-295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,999
    great price
    $1,221 below market
    • 132,037 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Auto Nation VA (9 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Norfolk, VA / 9 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2CL7E0168609
    Stock: 168609
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $7,699
    good price
    $2,294 below market
    • 96,923 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • PM Auto Group (165 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 165 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Visit PM Auto Group LLC online at pmautogroup.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-2**-1*** today to schedule your test drive. T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL7E0170085
    Stock: Pj0085
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $4,900
    good price
    $388 below market
    • 201,432 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Clayton Motors (145 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Clayton, NC / 145 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2CL1E0168556
    Stock: L168556
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-30-2024

    • 98,055 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KS to VA*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 1,154 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL4E0164504
    Stock: 24084485
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 157,679 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Hollingsworth Auto Sales (145 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 145 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2CL3E0167506
    Stock: 167506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2024

  • New Listing
    • 39,474 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to VA*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 741 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BLXE0170033
    Stock: 27266822
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 70,507 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to VA*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 2,437 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL0E0177167
    Stock: 26842879
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 116,842 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from ID to VA*
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Meridian, ID / 2,148 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL1E0177582
    Stock: 26694182
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 117,089 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Free Bridge Auto Sales (151 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlottesville, VA / 151 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL6E0169896
    Stock: 12067
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-22-2024

  • New Listing
    • 76,135 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Sport Durst Subaru of Jacksonville (149 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, NC / 149 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2014 Mazda Mazda5 Touring Meteor Gray Mica FWD 5-Speed Automatic with Manual Mode and Overdrive 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V VVT *POWER PACKAGE*, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2CL6E0164227
    Stock: PJ771A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $4,499
    good price
    $1,117 below market
    • 175,000 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Town Auto (5 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Chesapeake, VA / 5 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    2013 Mazda Mazda5 145K Miles Base 4dr SUV 3.5L V6 *No Accidents* TOWN AUTO https://www.townautova.com/ We open Monday through Saturday 10 am to 6 pm W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL3D0144730
    Stock: 144730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

    • 159,463 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Joel 's Auto Wholesale, Inc. (8 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Norfolk, VA / 8 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    ***ALL PAYMENTS ARE SETUP ON YOUR WEEKLY OR BI-WEEKLY PAY DATES*** ***We never check credit! ***SEE STORE FOR MORE DETAILS***

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2DLXD0158993
    Stock: 58993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2024

  • New Listing
    • 111,530 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Heated seats
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 398 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2DL9D0160279
    Stock: 26589089
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $3,900
    great price
    $2,155 below market
    • 134,375 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Peruvian Motors Sales (162 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Warrenton, VA / 162 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL2C0123334
    Stock: 123334
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-13-2024

  • $6,499
    great price
    $1,854 below market
    • 92,661 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Explorer Auto Sales (141 mi away)
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Selma, NC / 141 miles away from Chesapeake, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1CW2BL3C0110625
    Stock: 110625
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-05-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 41 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda 5

Read recent reviews for the Mazda 5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (27%)
  • 4 star
    (65%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Exceptional value for a starter family

TJ Talluto, 10/09/2015
2015 Mazda 5 Touring 4dr Minivan (2.5L 4cyl 5A)
This car is an exceptional value for a starter family that needs a minivan. With three toddlers, our top priority was to have sliding doors on both sides of a car and to avoid having them sit three wide in one row . We also had a minimalist perspective when selecting trim and accessories. For example, we already have navigation on our mobile phones so we had no need to pay for one … built into the dashboard. We needed Bluetooth phone capability but we did not need a sunroof or leather interior. The Touring trim was perfect for us. The fit and finish is very good. It has fabric door panels and leather steering wheel , however, the top of the dashboard is made from pebbled ABS plastic that is eventually going to show signs of wear. Setting up and using the Bluetooth system with our phones was easy flawless. I've used several Bluetooth systems in various cars; this one is one of the best if not the best. While the rear four seats are perfect for toddlers and small kids, the leg room is inadequate for adults. it's possible to adjust the seats in the first and second row in order to get four adults and two children seated comfortably. Unfortunately, its never possible to get six adults seated comfortably. We primarily use this car for short range trips with the kids and therefore we don't need a lot of cargo space. For those occasional road trips we have a cargo box that goes on the roof rack. I'm giving this car five stars. Despite having some areas for improvement it exceeded our expectations and was an exceptional value. This car meets all of our needs today and is not intended as an all-purpose car as our family will continue to grow and expand . April 2016 update: We've now owned this car for just over 6 months. The car vibrates a little when sitting still at idle, as if the motor mounts are sloppy. When operating the heater, the 2nd and 3rd rows get cold air. We have a service visit scheduled to have these issues resolved. Whenever one of our two paired iPhones is nearby, the car automatically links to it and starts playing music or podcasts; this is a minor annoyance. October 2016 update: As described above, we took the car in to the dealer to understand why A/C or Heat isn't routed directly to the rear passengers. If you look at the rear vent control, it says "fresh air only" which you can't see or read. Bottom line: the 2nd and 3rd rows can only get air circulated from the front of the cabin. This is annoying because we have toddlers who don't want to wait for the A/C and heat to make its way back to the rear seats gradually. We've discovered that the lack of legroom isn't going to be sustainable as our children grow - we're already at our limit with a 6 year old, 4 year old, and 2 year old. I've downgraded the comfort of the front and rear seats in the review above. Despite these negatives, I still find the van to be an exceptional value for a starter family.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Mazda 5 in Chesapeake, VA Values

Estimated values
2015 Mazda 5 Sport 4dr Minivan (2.5L 4cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$4,793$9,142$12,062
Clean$4,589$8,706$11,425
Average$4,250$7,979$10,363
Rough$3,809$7,033$8,982

The average list price of a used 2015 Mazda 5 in Chesapeake, Virginia is $10,480. The average mileage on a used Mazda 5 2015 for sale in Chesapeake, Virginia is 107,593. Based on the average mileage of 107,593 for used 2015 Mazda 5 for sale in Chesapeake, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda 5 2015 in Chesapeake, Virginia to be $4,250.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.