Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
116 listings
  • $15,999
    good price
    $956 below market
    • 126,428 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Global Auto Import (37 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, GA / 37 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D24F5015672
    Stock: 015672
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 142,159 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Best Used Cars (12 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 12 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D28G5024747
    Stock: G5024747-1263
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,995
    good price
    $1,314 below market
    • 86,760 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Avalon Auto (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 21 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D21F5021266
    Stock: R021266
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,990
    fair price
    $78 above market
    • 91,255 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 428 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D25E5004050
    Stock: 2003887654
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,990
    good price
    $760 below market
    • 91,971 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 416 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D29G5025194
    Stock: 2003864293
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

    • 83,418 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to GA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 727 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D29G5025762
    Stock: 27560071
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $26,888
    fair price
    $304 above market
    • 25,602 miles
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Hennessy Lexus of Gwinnett (11 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 11 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    Hennessy Lexus of Gwinnett is proud to offer you this Exceptional 2014 Lexus IS! It comes well appointed, is exceptionally clean, and has undergone a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D23E5012079
    Stock: G4061S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 60,232 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 898 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE1D21H5030875
    Stock: 2003899459
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 32,343 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 618 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCE1D2XH5013898
    Stock: 2003940786
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 50,188 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 547 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCE1D27H5014085
    Stock: 2003940743
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 59,864 miles
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Algonquin, IL / 622 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCE1D20H5014445
    Stock: 27753011
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,390
    great price
    $3,646 below market
    • 45,094 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 607 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    Low Mileage,High Demand,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Premium Sound,Satel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCZ1D24J5016175
    Stock: J5016175PM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $26,590
    fair price
    $529 below market
    • 97,165 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,602 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBZ1D25J5032767
    Stock: 2003963754
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,998
    good price
    $2,517 below market
    • 54,296 miles
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 303 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBZ1D27J5032110
    Stock: 27686583
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $33,887
    fair price
    $1,749 above market
    • 51,525 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Grand Motorcars Kennesaw (31 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 31 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBZ1D23J5033576
    Stock: J5033576
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

    • 135,718 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Ducky Cars (32 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Canton, GA / 32 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    Vehicle Runs Well, Smooth ride, Regularly maintained, cold a/c, Must test drive, Great first ride. For more information Please don't hesitate to co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHBE5C29C5031189
    Stock: 4339
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • $31,990
    fair price
    $715 above market
    • 58,851 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 618 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCZ1D21J5014822
    Stock: 2003958528
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

    • 60,104 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 735 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCZ1D29J5016057
    Stock: 2003923566
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • $37,920
    fair price
    $584 above market
    • 23,891 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • ALM Kia South (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Union City, GA / 29 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    ACCESSORY PACKAGE 2 - Z2..WHITE W/BLACK, F SPORT NULUXE SEAT TRIM..SUN/MOONROOF..PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM..PREMIUM SYNTHETIC SEATS..LANE DEPARTURE WARNING...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHGZ1B22M5043433
    Stock: M5043433
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 23,918 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Hayes Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Lawrenceville (12 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceville, GA / 12 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    We are proud to offer this 2021 Lexus IS 350 F SPORT in ULTRA WHITE with a BLACK W/BLACK interior and 23,918 miles. Options Include: <h...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHGZ1E22M5022464
    Stock: 21454
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 38,099 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 451 miles away from Stone Mountain, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHCZ1D25K5016980
    Stock: 2003969834
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 116 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus IS 350

Read recent reviews for the Lexus IS 350
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars22 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 22 reviews
  • 5 star
    (68%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

My second IS and it's nice

G$, 10/13/2015
2015 Lexus IS 350 4dr Sedan AWD (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
Pros: - The car performs perfectly for the US. It easily accelerates to speed (and for passing on the highway) and it handles like a dream when the roads get twisty. - You're going to play with the guage cluster a lot. It's cool and fun. - The seats are probably the most comfortable I've ever had in a luxury sports sedan (owned or ridden in is300, bmw 328xi, audi s4). This vehicle is … comfy. - It's a Lexus. It just works. And when I'm done driving it, the resale value of this car will be fantastic. (I sold my old is300 after 10 years for $10k.) - It's got all the luxury I need (heated seats/steering wheel, ventilated seats, nav system, blindspot detection with crosstraffic (saved me twice already), bluetooth, USB port, etc.) - It's really roomy compared to the old IS300 (and they finally made the seats split folding!) Cons: - It does sit low. I'm also a cyclist, so I've added a hitch to the rear which makes it worse! It will get rock chips in the hood. And it will rub on steep driveways. - It's not great on fuel economy. I generally don't "play" with it a lot and I'm getting around 22mpg. - The brakes do produce a lot of dust, so expect to give it a cleaning regularly Go see it in person. Some people hate the styling, but I think it's less gaudy in person. (The photos of the front make it look awful.) I haven't had it in the snow yet, but I expect that the AWD and all season tires will do just fine. Update 4/17/2016.... I've now been through some winter driving in DC with the car. I have the AWD and it felt as solid as my 2005 Infiniti FX35 in the snow. I was able to drive it up to Pennsylvania to go snowboarding 4 or 5 times without issue. That said, I suspect if the snow got deep (over the bumper) that the snow performance could degrade pretty quickly. (The car sits fairly low.)
Report abuse

Used 2015 Lexus IS 350 in Stone Mountain, GA Values

Estimated values
2015 Lexus IS 350 4dr Sedan (3.5L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,657$19,531$21,446
Clean$16,000$18,712$20,494
Average$14,905$17,347$18,908
Rough$13,482$15,573$16,846

The average list price of a used 2015 Lexus IS 350 in Stone Mountain, Georgia is $27,661. The average mileage on a used Lexus IS 350 2015 for sale in Stone Mountain, Georgia is 68,518. Based on the average mileage of 68,518 for used 2015 Lexus IS 350 for sale in Stone Mountain, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus IS 350 2015 in Stone Mountain, Georgia to be $14,905.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.