Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
379 listings
  • $16,995
    fair price
    $779 above market
    • 71,653 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Star Lawrenceville (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceville, GA / 36 miles away from Athens, GA

    We offer a variety of vehicles with all kinds of financing options.Call and ask fro Mikey at 7**-9**-6*** to set up an appiotment toady!@ No credit, B...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUANAF46HN023266
    Stock: 45417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,998
    fair price
    $518 above market
    • 60,188 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 2,049 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGNAF42HN059367
    Stock: 27006418
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 73,719 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 777 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUENAF45HN014110
    Stock: 2003786882
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • $7,499
    fair price
    $964 below market
    • 84,078 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Five Brothers Auto Sales (57 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 57 miles away from Athens, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAFAFL8BN019330
    Stock: 019330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $21,590
    fair price
    $1,051 above market
    • 34,295 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 381 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGNAF46HN010589
    Stock: 2003744519
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 73,701 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,643 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGMAF42HN042202
    Stock: 2003854307
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $16,300
    fair price
    $192 above market
    • 91,594 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Direct Auto (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 46 miles away from Athens, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUENAF40HN062436
    Stock: 228062436
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 67,368 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 660 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUFFAFL6DN010120
    Stock: 2003862611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

    • 79,382 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 518 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUANAF40HN012599
    Stock: 27313688
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 69,599 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 2,163 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGNAF45HN010647
    Stock: 27237540
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 86,208 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 1,949 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUDNAF48HN050921
    Stock: 27571881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $18,200
    fair price
    $735 above market
    • 78,141 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Direct Auto (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 46 miles away from Athens, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUENAF49HN017740
    Stock: 248017740
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2025

    • 70,346 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 430 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUANAF42HN070441
    Stock: 2003879376
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,998
    fair price
    $689 above market
    • 80,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Stockton, CA / 2,122 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAULNAF48HN018126
    Stock: 27527048
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 41,194 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 410 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGNAF48HN024719
    Stock: 2003713630
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 89,702 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in McKinney, TX / 765 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUENAF48HN025716
    Stock: 27253849
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 62,934 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 660 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGNAF4XHN017917
    Stock: 2003606401
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

    • 69,668 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 870 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUDNAF46HN054420
    Stock: 27653255
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 73,276 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 298 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGMAF45HA161997
    Stock: 27431841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 87,337 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 171 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGMAF47HN061389
    Stock: 27573990
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 72,506 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, NC / 262 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUANAF41HN066137
    Stock: 26977173
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 85 - 105 out of 379 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi A4

Read recent reviews for the Audi A4
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars25 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 25 reviews
  • 5 star
    (76%)
  • 4 star
    (16%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

great new toy

idcal, 12/20/2014
2014 Audi A4 2.0T Premium Plus quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
Long term ex-Acura guy who loves manual transmissions. I really don't understand where Acura is shifting its target demographics, which is a pity, as they used to have such sweet packages. They no longer offer manual transmissions in cars worth buying. After long research the manual A4 quattro hit the sweet spot for features, quality and price. Drove one and got instantly hooked. So … much technology, so nicely packaged on top of a mechanically exquisite car. A car that shares an engine and transmission with the Golf GTI, but packaged so much better. A blast to drive. _____________________________________________________________ Update after 2.5 years of ownership. Still enjoying the car, although the wife drives it more frequently these days. In the meantime I also acquired a BMW M235i, which I love, but that only completes my car ownership experience between the two cars. Audi is still the more comfortable and the go to car for any longer family trip. The BMW is the car to be in when alone and on shorter trips. The Audi is for family trips and for when I'm getting tired of the firmer BMW ride. Audi has a great suspension, firm enough to have an adequate attitude, but soft enough to be comfortable in most conditions. With good winter tires Audi is unbeatable in snow and ice. You don't get the thrills of the BMW acceleration, and precise handling, but you don't need that most of the time, and what you get in the Audi is plenty adequate for a very decent price. I also love the Quattro Torsen implementation. I just can't understand why Audi is messing up with such a great system for the more complex and likely less reliable Haldex in the newer designs. BTW, when researching my BMW I rode all sorts of other cars. I just can't go back to the over pampered and mushy experience in the Japanese cars. Don't get me wrong, they're great for the right people, just not for me.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Audi A4 in Athens, GA Values

Estimated values
2017 Audi A4 2.0 TFSI Premium quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$10,316$12,963$14,981
Clean$9,987$12,537$14,474
Average$9,440$11,828$13,629
Rough$8,727$10,905$12,531

The average list price of a used 2017 Audi A4 in Athens, Georgia is $17,910. The average mileage on a used Audi A4 2017 for sale in Athens, Georgia is 72,238. Based on the average mileage of 72,238 for used 2017 Audi A4 for sale in Athens, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi A4 2017 in Athens, Georgia to be $9,440.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.