Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,160 listings
    • 82,741 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,105 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H55JB045247
    Stock: 2003723638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 92,015 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stockton, CA / 1,567 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H78JB031239
    Stock: 26542672
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 93,894 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 393 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H96JB017105
    Stock: 2003787855
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
    • 82,220 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 649 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H9XJB016216
    Stock: 26643476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 80,859 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 393 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H08JB053590
    Stock: 2003776387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 73,081 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 670 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H90JB040900
    Stock: 27412841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 180,000 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • M&G Auto Sales (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 16 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF4H2XAB029801
    Stock: 029801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 48,899 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jackson, TN / 549 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H95JB013248
    Stock: 26482509
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 128,256 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Modesto, CA / 1,548 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H39JB012549
    Stock: 27456911
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 99,635 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,357 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H13JB014781
    Stock: 2003708631
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 122,930 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 1,217 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H53JB018239
    Stock: 26925017
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 115,167 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Springfield, IL / 748 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H55JB011626
    Stock: 26999859
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 98,801 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New York City, NY / 1,419 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H50JB006534
    Stock: 2003785477
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 99,738 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbia, SC / 894 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H57JB026578
    Stock: 2003682475
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 97,995 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Fort Worth, TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 212 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H50JB007036
    Stock: 27253801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 137,297 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Raptor TX Auto Group (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 22 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H06JB054107
    Stock: 054107
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 115,792 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Winchester, VA / 1,168 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H02JB046263
    Stock: 27274032
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 42,980 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,000 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H70JB070784
    Stock: 2003775844
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 102,106 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Gillman Honda of Fort Bend (36 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rosenberg, TX / 36 miles away from Spring, TX

    PRICED TO MOVE!!! WHY TEAM GILLMAN Our award-winning, factory-trained technicians perform a meticulous multi- point reliability inspection on every ve...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF5H46LB007787
    Stock: R252245A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

    • 82,911 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 1,217 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H99JB010469
    Stock: 27301306
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 88,635 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 1,196 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FNYF6H99JB016515
    Stock: 27273005
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 358 - 378 out of 1,160 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Honda Pilot

Read recent reviews for the Honda Pilot
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars39 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 39 reviews
  • 5 star
    (49%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (18%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (18%)
5 out of 5 stars

Just what I wanted!

Burt, 07/27/2016
2014 Honda Pilot EX 4dr SUV 4WD (3.5L 6cyl 5A)
I purchased my pilot used/off lease in January of 2016 and I think it was quite pricy. I test drove this pilot and a 2014 Durango and I thought the Durango may have been a notch above the pilot in handling however the pilot was by far the smoothest. The Pilot is quiet, tight and a great highway vehicle. Now, I owned a 2004 Dodge Ram 1500 4X4 for 10 years and switching to this pilot was … night and day! Now, the interior does have a lot of hard surfaces but I think this keeps with the intended mission of the Pilot, it's designed to be a sport utility vehicle. If I wanted plush I sure as hell wouldn't buy a Pilot! Our regular weekend trips to the Poconos was far more enjoyable for me because after 3 hours in the Pilot my back and left leg was no longer sore and numb, this Pilot has great seats! I read the reviews before buying and was concerned about the VCM issue however I have never felt any vibration, as a matter of fact the only way to know is seeing the little ECO light flash on and off. I think the driving position in the Pilot is great, how the pedals, the steering wheel and controls all fall within easy reach. I spent some time setting up the audio and blue tooth and never had any problems. The stereo system works quite well however a few stations I used to pick up with an antenna I can't get with my Pilot. I think the final decision for me was the shape and interior storage, the second row can easily seat 3 adults and the third can easily seat 3 teenagers, with the rear seats down the storage is amazing. With the looks, storage and Honda's stellar reputation this was an easy decision.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Honda Pilot in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2018 Honda Pilot EX-L 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,089$18,948$21,297
Clean$15,527$18,279$20,536
Average$14,590$17,163$19,267
Rough$13,373$15,712$17,618

The average list price of a used 2018 Honda Pilot in Spring, Texas is $22,971. The average mileage on a used Honda Pilot 2018 for sale in Spring, Texas is 98,379. Based on the average mileage of 98,379 for used 2018 Honda Pilot for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Honda Pilot 2018 in Spring, Texas to be $14,590.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.