Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
4,671 listings
  • $7,198
    fair price
    $174 below market
    • 140,958 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Subaru Atlanta (498 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 498 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Vehicle DetailsRev up your daily drive with this stunning 2012 Hyundai Santa Fe Limited, a vehicle that seamlessly blends style, comfort, and ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZK4AGXCG168506
    Stock: FS202A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,500
    fair price
    $930 below market
    • 129,670 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Kings Kia (287 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 287 miles away from Springfield, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Local Trade, Non Smoker. 20/28 City/Highway MPGAt Kings Kia we pride ourselves on having High Quality Pre-Owned vehicles at Afford...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZG3AB2CG133667
    Stock: CG133667
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $7,854
    good price
    $1,517 below market
    • 77,646 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sunset Hills Subaru - St Louis (95 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sunset Hills, MO / 95 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZK4AG0CG105852
    Stock: W2501627A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $8,297
    fair price
    $515 below market
    • 107,398 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (386 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 386 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Rare Find,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Satellite Radio,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Brake Assist,Gasoline Fuel,CD Player,ABS,Cloth Seats,Rear Defrost,Pa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZGDAB2CG168733
    Stock: CG168733P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $7,366
    fair price
    $574 below market
    • 110,664 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Olivia Chrysler Center (439 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Olivia, MN / 439 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AWD, Black Leather. AWD 6-Speed Automatic with Shiftronic 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V Odometer is 18004 miles below market average! 20/26 City/Highway MPG

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZKDAG2CG130879
    Stock: UT16776A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $6,619
    fair price
    $147 above market
    • 168,996 miles
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarsFor15K.com (287 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Plymouth, WI / 287 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. LOCAL OWNED, Adaptive Cruise Control, Bluetooth, Power Liftgate, AWD, 17" x 7" Aluminum Alloy Wheels, Air Conditioning...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZGDAB4CG134745
    Stock: G715713
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 1 mile
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Dave White Auto Credit (339 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Sylvania, OH / 339 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Give us a Call At Dave White Auto credit Maumee 419-794-4600Sylvania 419-882-8736

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZGDAB1CG164723
    Stock: MM4995
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-29-2021

    • 115,036 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Top Notch Auto Brokers (188 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in McHenry, IL / 188 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZKDAG1CG138018
    Stock: 25546
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $7,990
    great price
    $1,143 below market
    • 140,295 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Spitzer Motors of Mansfield (379 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Mansfield, OH / 379 miles away from Springfield, IL

    **AWD* *Panoramic Sunroof* *GPS Navigation* *Heated Leather* *Local Trade** FREE CAR WASHES FOR LIFE! All of our vehicles are marked with our Spitzer ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KM8SRDHF9DU018585
    Stock: 26130MAX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 162,199 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Friendly Auto Sales (384 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 384 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZG3AB3CG099061
    Stock: 099061
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $9,950
    good price
    $2,060 below market
    • 105,833 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Jeff Wyler Hyundai of Eastgate (292 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Batavia, OH / 292 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZU3LB1DG068432
    Stock: 11T10341
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • $5,795
    good price
    $1,207 below market
    • 193,885 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Napleton's Kia Of Elmhurst (171 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 171 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Recent Arrival! Marlin Blue 2013 Hyundai Santa Fe Sport 4D Sport Utility 2.4L I4 DGI DOHC 16V FWDThis Santa Fe Sport is well equipped with Active ECO ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZU3LB4DG119972
    Stock: K25-1025A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $4,994
    good price
    $1,331 below market
    • 174,100 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Automotive Connection (275 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, OH / 275 miles away from Springfield, IL

    Introducing the reliable and versatile 2011 Hyundai SANTA FE GLS, now available for sale! With its spacious interior and powerful 2.4L I4 engine produ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZG3AB1BG071466
    Stock: A250611T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $6,800
    good price
    $1,567 below market
    • 161,610 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Columbia Hyundai (286 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 286 miles away from Springfield, IL

    21/29 City/Highway MPGAsk your Neighbor they bought from us!Awards: * 2013 IIHS Top Safety Pick

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZU3LB3DG025078
    Stock: 5308771
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • $5,990
    good price
    $931 below market
    • 168,226 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Concepts (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Joliet, IL / 144 miles away from Springfield, IL

    2013 Hyundai Santa Fe Sport 2.0T 4-Door AWD SUV****168K MILES - ONE OWNER - LOADED W/ OPTIONS****. Exterior is silver metallic and the interior is bla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZUDLA7DG087936
    Stock: 087936
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,500
    great price
    $2,187 below market
    • 151,195 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Cobb Luxury Cars (495 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 495 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZW3LAXDG025015
    Stock: 025015C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,999
    fair price
    $186 above market
    • 221,396 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Hosmer Toyota (297 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mason City, IA / 297 miles away from Springfield, IL

    ** Clean CarFax, ** Alloy Wheels, Premium Wheels, ** Bluetooth,Hands-Free, ** Brake Assist, ** Cruise Control, ** Heated Seats, ** Keyless Entry, ** S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZK4AG0BG049815
    Stock: A688AT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • $14,590
    fair price
    $502 above market
    • 60,566 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Birmingham (462 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 462 miles away from Springfield, IL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZTDLB4DG047714
    Stock: 2003696082
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $8,093
    good price
    $1,393 below market
    • 126,105 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • A2Z Autos (187 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 187 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZTDLB3DG024053
    Stock: H0155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,995
    fair price
    $34 above market
    • 79,530 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Genesis Chevrolet (393 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Eastpointe, MI / 393 miles away from Springfield, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZU3LB2DG053373
    Stock: G053373A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2024

  • Stock photo**
    $7,590
    fair price
    $349 above market
    • 112,644 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Elgin Hyundai (170 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bartlett, IL / 170 miles away from Springfield, IL

    2011 Hyundai Santa Fe Limited Fully Loaded, V6 Power, Leather, Heated Seats Now at Elgin Hyundai!CARFAX 1-Owner vehicleWell-equipped, reliable, and re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5XYZK4AG7BG047401
    Stock: H22831B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 4,671 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Hyundai Santa Fe

Read recent reviews for the Hyundai Santa Fe
Overall Consumer Rating
3.8 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (45%)
  • 4 star
    (24%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

Best Car for the Money!

scot58, 03/14/2012
2012 Hyundai Santa Fe Limited 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
I recently purchased a Santa Fe Limited AWD in Black Forest Green with the beige leather interior. It looks and runs like a dream. I considered the Toyota Highlander Limited and the Murano SL with leather, but those cars cost several thousand dollars more, get worse gas mileage, and the Santa Fe is their equal, if not better, in every way-- looks, ride, handling, etc. With the V6 it has … excellent acceleration, and the electronics-- Bluetooth, satellite radio, HomeLink, etc. all work flawlessly. I have been waiting for something to rattle, break or go wrong, but the car is absolutely solid. I am very pleased with my purchase, and strongly recommend the Santa Fe.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Hyundai Santa Fe in Springfield, IL Values

Estimated values
2012 Hyundai Santa Fe Limited 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,245$5,591$6,930
Clean$3,065$5,254$6,480
Average$2,764$4,691$5,730
Rough$2,374$3,961$4,754

The average list price of a used 2012 Hyundai Santa Fe in Springfield, Illinois is $7,806. The average mileage on a used Hyundai Santa Fe 2012 for sale in Springfield, Illinois is 128,950. Based on the average mileage of 128,950 for used 2012 Hyundai Santa Fe for sale in Springfield, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Hyundai Santa Fe 2012 in Springfield, Illinois to be $2,764.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.