Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
174 listings
  • $8,995
    fair price
    $168 below market
    148,257 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Cincinnati Used Auto Sales (435 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 435 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    The 2010 Nissan Xterra S 4.0L V6 4WD is a versatile SUV that comes equipped with a range of factory default features. The 4.0-liter V6 engine is power...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW8AC512135
    Stock: 1399
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    172,681 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Morrie's Buffalo Ford (248 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, MN / 248 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    * ACCIDENT FREE - LOCAL TRADE IN - NICELY EQUIPPED SE PACKAGE - WITH LEATHER - PREMIUM ROCKFORD FOSGATE AUDIO - KEYLESS ENTRY - ALLOY WHEELS * - Servi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW7AC522770
    Stock: AC522770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2024

  • 185,258 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Rental vehicle
    6cyl Automatic
    May Motor Company (342 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MO / 342 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    A GREAT BUY! UNDER $10,000 SUV!! 10 NISSAN XTERRA 4X4, GOES ANYWHERE! LOCAL TRADE BANK FINANCING AVAILABLE

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW1AC505947
    Stock: 1749
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-16-2024

  • $9,988
    fair price
    $1,426 below market
    134,951 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Hugh White Honda (468 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 468 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Accident Free CARFAX History Report, USB Port, Local Trade In, Low Miles, Alloy Wheels.Super Black 2011 Nissan Xterra PRO-4X 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V 4WDOdome...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW9BC524019
    Stock: G0288A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-28-2024

  • New Listing
    $8,491
    fair price
    $323 below market
    150,074 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Thomas Kia of Highland (219 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Highland, IN / 219 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN08W69C503229
    Stock: RN242A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2024

  • New Listing
    68,317 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Carvana - Columbus (473 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 473 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW8BC513318
    Stock: 2002871019
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2024

  • 223,132 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    6cyl Automatic
    Hastings Automotive (200 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Hastings, MN / 200 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN08W89C503717
    Stock: P012312A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2024

  • $7,495
    great price
    $2,870 below market
    150,200 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Twins Buick GMC (472 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 472 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    **CLEAN CAR FAX**, ** LOCAL TRADE **, ** FULLY SERVICED BY CERTIFIED TECHNICIANS**, ** CLEANEST IN COLUMBUS **, ** 4 WHEEL DRIVE **, **RUNNING BOARDS*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NWXCC518506
    Stock: G2485A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-15-2024

  • 105,371 miles
    No accidents, 5 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Seeger Toyota of St. Robert (286 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Saint Robert, MO / 286 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN08U49C512655
    Stock: P10595B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2024

  • $8,000
    good price
    $1,572 below market
    153,803 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    6cyl Automatic
    Walser Buick GMC Roseville (226 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Roseville, MN / 226 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Walser, you’ll get an exceptional car-buying experience. Our *streamlined process* means you’ll work with one dedicated customer specialist to help...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW2CC503014
    Stock: 4AO865T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2024

  • $15,800
    good price
    $2,294 below market
    70,802 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    6cyl Automatic
    Auto Boutique (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 469 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Auto Boutique is proud to offer excellent, pre-owned vehicles. With our no haggle pricing policy you can be sure you're getting the best deal possible...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW4CC501135
    Stock: X2983A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2024

  • 74,180 miles
    Insurance loss reported, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    The Internet Car Lot (230 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 230 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Please note that this vehicle has a branded title. Check out this very nice 2010 Nissan Xterra SE! This vehicle looks and drives great! It has great o...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NU8AC522372
    Stock: 522372TMUW71286
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,962
    fair price
    $64 below market
    88,323 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Heller Ford (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in El Paso, IL / 161 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW4CC527492
    Stock: U23846B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2024

  • $10,791
    good price
    $1,231 below market
    143,580 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Mercedes-Benz of Fort Wayne (340 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 340 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    This Nissan Xterra PRO-4X was a trade in at our facility. It has a clean Carfax with no history of any accidents. It is nicely equipped with 4WD, 16" ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW1CC505532
    Stock: MJ12251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-06-2023

  • $4,995
    good price
    $1,077 below market
    209,608 miles
    2 Accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use
    6cyl Automatic
    Hubler Honda (352 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Taylorsville, IN / 352 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Silver Lightning Metallic exterior. CD Player, Running Boards, Aluminum Wheels, 4x4. AND MORE! KEY FEATURES INCLUDE 4x4, Running Boards, CD Player, A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN08W58C526158
    Stock: P2424A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2024

  • $14,466
    good price
    $1,990 below market
    86,422 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Subaru Of Muskegon (292 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Muskegon, MI / 292 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2012 Nissan Xterra PRO-4X 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V 4WD CARFAX One-Owner. Passed My Auto Import rigorous pre-delivery Inspection, Professionally detailed for d...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW8CC506077
    Stock: S240767A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2024

  • $12,800
    good price
    $634 below market
    98,602 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Driveway (437 mi away)
    Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 437 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    High Demand,Rare Find,V6 Cylinder Engine,5-Speed A/T,Power Door Locks,Running Boards/Side Steps,Gasoline Fuel,CD Player,ABS,Cloth Seats,Rear Defrost,P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW1CC512089
    Stock: CC512089A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $11,500
    fair price
    $412 below market
    148,085 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    6cyl Automatic
    Law Auto Sales (428 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Wayne, MI / 428 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    WE FINANCE!No credit, damaged credit, excellent credit and everything between we can work with. Just give us a call at 734-722-5200 to discuss your op...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW6CC523797
    Stock: 34335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,988
    fair price
    $592 above market
    202,631 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    6cyl Automatic
    Great Lakes Ford of Muskegon (294 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Muskegon, MI / 294 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Discerning drivers will appreciate the 2012 Nissan Xterra! This vehicle continues to deliver segment-leading versatility and all-terrain dominating pe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW6CN801084
    Stock: FT4106A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2024

  • $6,995
    fair price
    $122 above market
    220,166 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Car Source (474 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Grove City, OH / 474 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW6AC502056
    Stock: 59011
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2024

  • $11,000
    fair price
    $578 above market
    99,339 miles
    1 Accident, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    6cyl Automatic
    Jeff's Car Corner (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Davenport, IA / 63 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Blast off into your next adventure in this sleek black 2010 Nissan Xterra! With its rugged exterior and spacious interior, this trusty steed is ready ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5N1AN0NW0AC524571
    Stock: 30558
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 174 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Nissan Xterra

Read recent reviews for the Nissan Xterra
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (61%)
  • 4 star
    (30%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Solid Versatile Truck for a Good Price

dallas70, 09/30/2014
2010 Nissan Xterra S 4dr SUV 4WD (4.0L 6cyl 5A)
Owned for over 4 years and 52000 miles before trading in last year. Rock solid performance and reliability... I wish I had kept it. I'd say it provides more capability and livability for the price than just about any other 4x4 SUV. I paid $23,800 after rebates and I think the only area of the Xterra that reflects the bargain price is some of the interior parts (seat material, hard … plastics, cargo area plastic not as tough as I'd like). We made many family trips and commutes with this SUV in all conditions and the only thing I would have done differently is go for the nicer PRO4X model.
Report abuse

Used 2010 Nissan Xterra in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2010 Nissan Xterra S 4dr SUV 4WD (4.0L 6cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$4,228$7,106$8,767
Clean$3,983$6,656$8,164
Average$3,575$5,905$7,160
Rough$3,045$4,929$5,854

The average list price of a used 2010 Nissan Xterra in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $10,254. The average mileage on a used Nissan Xterra 2010 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 139,704. Based on the average mileage of 139,704 for used 2010 Nissan Xterra for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Nissan Xterra 2010 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $3,575.

Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

174 cars
|
$10,977 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.