Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
488 listings
  • Price Drop
    $47,325
    great price
    $3,428 below market
    • 10,691 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    2023 Toyota 4Runner Limited 4WD Classic Silver Metallic 5-Speed with ECT 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V 4WD, Black/Graphite w/Leather Seat Trim, 15 Speakers, 3.727 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEKU5JR3P6182903
    Stock: IP120948
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $39,333
    great price
    $3,462 below market
    • 21,736 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Brookfield (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 97 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Barcelona Red Metallic 2024 Toyota 4Runner SR5 4WD 5-Speed with ECT 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V 4WD, Black/Graphite w/Fabric Seat Trim, Fabric-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEMU5JR6R6282330
    Stock: PJR1407
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • $41,738
    great price
    $3,364 below market
    • 30,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Brookfield (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 97 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. Underground 2024 Toyota 4Runner TRD Off-Road 4WD 5-Speed with ECT 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V Toyota Gold Certified Ce...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEPU5JR7R6213773
    Stock: PML1342
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,842
    great price
    $2,882 below market
    • 36,575 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Brookfield (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 97 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Clean CARFAX. Blizzard Pearl 2022 Toyota 4Runner Limited 4WD 5-Speed with ECT 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V 4WD, Black/Graphite w/Leather Seat Trim, Blind Spot Mon...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEKU5JR7N5984079
    Stock: PML1352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $38,980
    good price
    $2,262 below market
    • 31,617 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    2023 Toyota 4Runner SR5 4WD Red CVT 4.0/L V6 Engine 5 Speed Shiftable Automatic, 4 Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels (173)...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEMU5JR1P6099057
    Stock: D5084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,531
    fair price
    $313 below market
    • 111,990 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    * Carfax One Owner * Keyless Entry * Power Moonroof * Apple Carplay/Android Auto * Rear Parking Camera * Third Row Seating All-Weather Floor Liners/Ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEKU5JRXM5845806
    Stock: 250428A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

    • 17,566 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    2023 Toyota 4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition VIN: JTEUU5JR7P6165756 This 2023 Toyota 4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition is a remarkable ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEUU5JR7P6165756
    Stock: T252776A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • $37,685
    good price
    $1,273 below market
    • 90,668 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Recent Arrival! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 2022 Toyota 4Runner Limited CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Blizzard Pearl 4WD 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEKU5JRXN5998252
    Stock: IP120998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • $28,721
    fair price
    $459 below market
    • 92,811 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    2017 Toyota 4Runner Limited CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Blizzard Pearl 4WD 4.0L V6 SMPI DOHC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR5H5444198
    Stock: TI14377
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $43,777
    fair price
    $1,088 below market
    • 44,722 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Umansky Toyota (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 94 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Rugged, reliable, and ready for the road less traveled—the 2023 Toyota 4Runner SR5 Premium in Ice Cap with Black/Graphite leather interior is built fo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTENU5JR8P6091283
    Stock: P91283
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,980
    good price
    $1,782 below market
    • 74,066 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 2020 Toyota 4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium Classic Silver Metallic 4WD 4.0L V6 SMPI DOHC 4WD, Graphite, ABS brakes...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR3L5744315
    Stock: VI24285
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $30,811
    fair price
    $163 above market
    • 110,525 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Recent Arrival! 2019 Toyota 4Runner CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Barcelona Red Metallic 4WD 4.0L V6 SMPI DOHC Bergstrom Genesis of the Fox Valley w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR7K5703572
    Stock: TG26053A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • $34,979
    fair price
    $139 below market
    • 97,836 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Umansky Toyota (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 94 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Rugged style meets serious capability in the 2020 Toyota 4Runner Nightshade Edition, available now at Umansky Toyota in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Finished...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR4L5812802
    Stock: P12802
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,173
    fair price
    $657 below market
    • 169,426 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Umansky Toyota (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 94 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Bold, capable, and packed with premium features—the 2015 Toyota 4Runner Limited is available now at Umansky Toyota in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Finished i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JRXF5276667
    Stock: T44303A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $43,400
    fair price
    $394 below market
    • 40,081 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Brookfield (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 97 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Ice Cap 2023 Toyota 4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4WD 5-Speed with ECT 4.0L V6 DOHC 24V 4WD, Black/Graphite w/SofTex Seat Trim, Black...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTERU5JR5P6089492
    Stock: T14900A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 54,957 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Auto (3 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Green Bay, WI / 3 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    2021 Toyota 4Runner Nightshade 4WD White 5 Speed Automatic with Overdrive 4.0L V6 DOHC SMPI Engine 3.727/Axle Ratio, 4 Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEJU5JR2M5886720
    Stock: A5112
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

    • 48,972 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Umansky Toyota (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 94 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Bold, capable, and loaded with comfort, the 2022 Toyota 4Runner SR5 Premium is a rugged mid-size SUV that’s equally at home on Milwaukee’s snowy stree...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTENU5JR5N5997295
    Stock: T27873A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

    • 104,636 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Bergstrom Chevrolet of Appleton (26 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Appleton, WI / 26 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Recent Arrival! 2020 Toyota 4Runner CARFAX One-Owner. Super White 4WD 4.0L V6 SMPI DOHC Bergstrom Chevrolet Cadillac of Appleton wants to buy your veh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR7L5772103
    Stock: I5180
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 245,837 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Umansky Toyota (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 94 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Tough, refined, and ready for any journey—the 2012 Toyota 4Runner Limited is available now at Umansky Toyota in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Finished in clas...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR2C5103088
    Stock: T37977A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,900
    great price
    $4,438 below market
    • 146,038 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 683 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,Tow Hitch,V6 Cyli...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR7J5482747
    Stock: SP324602A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $38,900
    great price
    $4,803 below market
    • 16,031 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 683 miles away from Green Bay, WI

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEFU5JR7P5285782
    Stock: AX291304A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 488 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.