Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,005 listings
  • $14,329
    great price
    $2,583 below market
    • 51,632 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Avis Car Sales Tampa (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 14 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Certified. Buy with Confidence! AVIS CERTIFIED 170 Point Inspection!, ONE OWNER VEHICLE!, Fully Detailed and Sanitized, FINANCING AVAILABLE / LOW RATE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU8P7888354
    Stock: 52521862
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-29-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,991
    great price
    $2,166 below market
    • 17,200 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Ganley Kia New Port Richey (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in New Port Richey, FL / 35 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Certified. Recent Arrival! Kia Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Transferable Warranty * Vehicle History * Roadside Assistance * Powertrain Limi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU0P7895797
    Stock: P468125A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,691
    great price
    $2,095 below market
    • 5,998 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Ganley Kia New Port Richey (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in New Port Richey, FL / 35 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Certified. Kia Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Warranty Deductible: $50 * Powertrain Limited Warranty: 120 Month/100,000 Mile (whichever comes fir...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ33AU5S7253002
    Stock: P253002
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $14,577
    great price
    $2,369 below market
    • 51,784 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Weikert Ford (40 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Lake Wales, FL / 40 miles away from Valrico, FL

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2023 Kia Soul LX Steel Gray 29/35 City/Highway MPG Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Equipped with LX Technology Package (16" Al...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU1P7870729
    Stock: 39870729
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $16,336
    great price
    $1,679 below market
    • 25,708 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Sarasota (49 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 49 miles away from Valrico, FL

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new pair of tires! Navigation SystemClear White W/Black RoofCarpeted Floor MatsLane...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU9P7191632
    Stock: P7191632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,016
    great price
    $1,922 below market
    • 28,605 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Tampa (14 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 14 miles away from Valrico, FL

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $899, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU6R7915019
    Stock: 57335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,498
    great price
    $1,674 below market
    • 24,371 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Clearwater (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 29 miles away from Valrico, FL

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $999, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AUXR7232126
    Stock: 58561
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $16,909
    great price
    $2,080 below market
    • 14,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lokey Kia (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 30 miles away from Valrico, FL

    CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, NON-SMOKER, CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, KIA CERTIFIED. 10 YEAR POWERTRAIN WARRANTY AND 1 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY, LIFETIME OIL CHA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU2N7166391
    Stock: KP166391
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,839
    good price
    $1,324 below market
    • 24,545 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Hertz Car Sales Clearwater (29 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 29 miles away from Valrico, FL

    *All prices plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, a dealer document preparation charge of $999, any electronic filing charge, and any e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU5R7913424
    Stock: 58731
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • $18,485
    fair price
    $244 below market
    • 14,896 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lokey Kia (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 30 miles away from Valrico, FL

    CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, NON-SMOKER, CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, KIA CERTIFIED. 10 YEAR POWERTRAIN WARRANTY AND 1 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY, LIFETIME OIL CHA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU6P7860553
    Stock: KT860553
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

  • $14,008
    good price
    $1,131 below market
    • 44,252 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lokey Kia (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 30 miles away from Valrico, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU8L7073372
    Stock: KT073372
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $14,799
    good price
    $1,781 below market
    • 19,248 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lokey Volkswagen (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 30 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Recent Arrival! For more information and test drive please call. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 2021 Kia Soul S Gravity Gray FWD 4D Hatchback CVT*FRE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU2M7778279
    Stock: VT778279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • $13,190
    good price
    $1,898 below market
    • 55,085 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Wesley Chapel (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 21 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Clean CARFAX. Snow White Pearl 2021 Kia Soul S FWD CVT 2.0L I4 MPI DOHC 16V LEV3-SULEV30 147hp **PLATINUM DETAIL**, **ACCESS TO OUR CAR WASH**.Recent ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU2M7766620
    Stock: T766620
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-29-2025

  • $15,992
    good price
    $1,724 below market
    • 21,850 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Wesley Chapel Nissan (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wesley Chapel, FL / 21 miles away from Valrico, FL

    2022 Kia Soul LX CERTIFIED BY CARFAX - CLEAN CARFAX NO ACCIDENTS REPORTED AND ONE OWNER VEHICLE!, **CLEAN CARFAX NO ACCIDENTS REPORTED**, **CARFAX ONE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU3N7833064
    Stock: 9001761A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,311
    good price
    $1,571 below market
    • 8,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Ganley Kia New Port Richey (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in New Port Richey, FL / 35 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Certified. Recent Arrival! Kia Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Includes Rental Car and Trip Interruption Reimbursement. 3 month Sirius trial subscri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU3S7251297
    Stock: P251297
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    $17,183
    good price
    $1,468 below market
    • 18,340 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Ganley Kia New Port Richey (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in New Port Richey, FL / 35 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Certified. Kia Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Transferable Warranty * Includes Rental Car and Trip Interruption Reimbursement. 3 month Sirius tri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU7P7864093
    Stock: P864093
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,990
    fair price
    $662 below market
    • 3,210 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Tampa (12 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 12 miles away from Valrico, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU7R7239762
    Stock: 2003867261
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

  • $17,998
    fair price
    $709 below market
    • 15,384 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Tampa (15 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 15 miles away from Valrico, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU9N7181342
    Stock: 27605792
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $16,485
    fair price
    $756 below market
    • 31,319 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lokey Kia (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 30 miles away from Valrico, FL

    CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, NON-SMOKER, CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, KIA CERTIFIED. 10 YEAR POWERTRAIN WARRANTY AND 1 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY, LIFETIME OIL CHA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU3N7831282
    Stock: KT831282
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-29-2025

  • $17,990
    fair price
    $60 above market
    • 26,202 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 28 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Red Hoagland Hyundai (35 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Winter Haven, FL / 35 miles away from Valrico, FL

    2022 Kia Soul X-Line, Extra Clean, Nicely Equipped, still under factory limited bumper to bumper warranty, all at a special price. Navigation, Automat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ23AU9N7166629
    Stock: 166629
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,492
    fair price
    $382 below market
    • 7,578 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Ken Ganley Kia New Port Richey (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in New Port Richey, FL / 35 miles away from Valrico, FL

    Certified. Kia Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Transferable Warranty * 165 Point Inspection * Vehicle History * Warranty Deductible: $50 * L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNDJ53AU9R7905396
    Stock: 7821117A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,005 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.