Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,941 listings
    • 28,157 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • Driveway (16 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rockwall, TX / 16 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Turbo/Supercharged,HD Radio,V6 Cylinder Engine,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Floor M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAN0PW601950
    Stock: PW601950A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 1,453 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 27 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN5PW507866
    Stock: 2003790299
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 11,157 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • Carvana - Dallas (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 27 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAN1PW636111
    Stock: 2003821505
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
    • 58,912 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • EchoPark Automotive Dallas (Grand Prairie) (43 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 43 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN9PW665887
    Stock: CPW665887
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

    • 10,588 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Reliable Chevrolet Texas (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Richardson, TX / 16 miles away from McKinney, TX

    High Velocity Clearcoat 2023 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 392 4WD 8-Speed Automatic SRT HEMI 6.4L V8 MDS 7 4 Pin Wiring Harness, Class II Receiver Hitch, Nav...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXSJ7PW565613
    Stock: 25C542
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,429 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4 Seats
    • Graff Chevrolet (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 37 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Recent Arrival!CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Certification Program Details: • Courtesy Transportation: • 1-month trial* of OnStar® and ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAN7PW653754
    Stock: PW653754
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

    • 6,063 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Dallas Auto Center (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 20 miles away from McKinney, TX

    2023 JEEP Wrangler RubiconBlue ExteriorBlack Interior6,063 MilesRubicon Sport Utility 4D Trim PackageFuel WheelsBlind Spot MonitorPark AssistNavigatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXFM3PW566293
    Stock: T566293
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,759 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • Pat Lobb's Toyota of McKinney (3 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mckinney, TX / 3 miles away from McKinney, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. NEW ARRIVAL, WARRANTY--WARRANTY--WARRANTY INCLUDED!!!!, Priced for Quick Sale!!!!!, Visit https://www.toyotaofmckinney...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXCG0PW531143
    Stock: P22398A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 18,908 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 25 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • AutoNation Honda Lewisville (24 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lewisville, TX / 24 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Black ClearcoatKeyless StartConvertible Soft TopBlack; Cloth Low-Back Bucket SeatsEngine: 3.6L V6 24V Vvt Upg I W/EssGvwr: 5;000 LbsTires: 245/7...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAG4PW572650
    Stock: PW572650
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 18,428 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 27 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXFM0PW585870
    Stock: 2003813336
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

    • 24,222 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • EchoPark Automotive Dallas (Grand Prairie) (43 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 43 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At EchoPark, it’s all about offering you options for a happy experience. We have thousands of new-to-you makes and models that range from sedans to tr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXANXNW175956
    Stock: CNW175956
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 9,105 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 27 miles away from McKinney, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXSJXRW271600
    Stock: 2003513176
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

    • 47,509 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Ardmore (77 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ardmore, OK / 77 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Navigation, Satellite Radio, Premium Sound System, Back-Up Camera, Turbo Charged, 4x4, BLACK 3-PIECE HARD TOP, ENGINE: 2.0L I4 DOHC DI TURBO W/ESS, TR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (21 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN7PW543009
    Stock: 5146P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-29-2024

    • 2,100 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Peltier Nissan (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 94 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Odometer is 8663 miles below market average! **NAVIGATION**, **SUNROOF**, **LEATHER SEATS**, **POWER SEAT**, **TEEN SAFE**, **CLEAN CARFAX**, **LOCAL ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (13 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXSJ8RW193270
    Stock: PN12837
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 22,154 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Magna, UT Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvage...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN5PW678653
    Stock: 57464705
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

    • 32,689 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 38 miles away from McKinney, TX

    This vehicle is located at Grand Prairie, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (21 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG7PW590252
    Stock: 59377765
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 48,839 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Glenn Polk Chevrolet Buick GMC of Gainesville (46 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, TX / 46 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Super Clean, 4WD / AWD, Off-Road Package, Remote Vehicle Start, Tow Package, Hard Top, 240 Amp Alternator, 7 & 4 Pin Wiring Harness, 700 Amp Maintenan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN0NW187595
    Stock: PGD7595
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 6,217 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Waxahachie Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Waxahachie, TX / 53 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Hydro Blue Pearl Coat 2024 Jeep Wrangler Sport S 3.6L V6 24V VVT 4WD 8-Speed Automatic2 Years Free Oil Changes. Recent Arrival!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJXDG2RW265329
    Stock: PD4216
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-25-2025

    • 31,956 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • BMW of Dallas (27 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 27 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Transmission: 8-Speed Automatic (850Re)Led Headlamp & Fog Lamp GroupCold Weather GroupWheels: 17" X 7.5" Machined Granite CrystalTrailer Tow & Hd ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN9NW176807
    Stock: NW176807
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-24-2025

    • 17,375 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Waxahachie Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Waxahachie, TX / 53 miles away from McKinney, TX

    Firecracker Red Clearcoat 2022 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon 3.6L V6 24V VVT 4WD 6-Speed Manual2 Years Free Oil Changes. Recent Arrival!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG9NW110773
    Stock: FA46025A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 11,305 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Pat Lobb's Toyota of McKinney (3 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Mckinney, TX / 3 miles away from McKinney, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. NEW ARRIVAL, WARRANTY--WARRANTY--WARRANTY INCLUDED!!!!, Priced for Quick Sale!!!!!, SUPER CLEAN, 4WD, **APPLE CAR PLAY...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXFG7RW140378
    Stock: 183654B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 1,941 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (15%)
5 out of 5 stars

My Last Hoorah!

Atteboyz, 08/07/2022
2022 Jeep Wrangler Willys Sport 2dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
I love my Sarge Green Willys Sport 2-Door, V-6, with Manual. I researched my build options to death before custom order. It looks and feels like a mean, green, jeepin machine. It also fits nicely in my garage. I'm an empty-nester, so 4-Door was out; I like the 2-Door looks better. She zips and punches nicely; straighten the curves, flattin the hills...
Report abuse

Used 2023 Jeep Wrangler in McKinney, TX Values

Estimated values
2023 Jeep Wrangler Sport S 2dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,352$24,950$26,753
Clean$23,070$24,597$26,318
Average$22,600$24,008$25,594
Rough$21,989$23,242$24,653

The average list price of a used 2023 Jeep Wrangler in McKinney, Texas is $42,253. The average mileage on a used Jeep Wrangler 2023 for sale in McKinney, Texas is 22,396. Based on the average mileage of 22,396 for used 2023 Jeep Wrangler for sale in McKinney, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Wrangler 2023 in McKinney, Texas to be $22,600.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.