Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,899 listings
  • $18,499
    fair price
    $262 below market
    • 55,493 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 1,103 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9H67LUB64501
    Stock: PLUB64501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 80,710 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Mario's Houston (32 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 32 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G68LUB78470
    Stock: B78470
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-04-2025

    • 47,926 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 924 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G62LUA94189
    Stock: 2003798545
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • $19,500
    fair price
    • 21,544 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Texas Star Motors (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 32 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9F61LUB72709
    Stock: 17554
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $20,998
    fair price
    $203 below market
    • 46,076 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Federal Heights, CO / 866 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (43 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9BZ9LUA80635
    Stock: 27295461
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,590
    fair price
    $90 below market
    • 62,241 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 44 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 566 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    41 Combined MPG (44 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0BZ9LUA80467
    Stock: 2003721003
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,990
    fair price
    $94 below market
    • 55,375 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 44 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 566 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    41 Combined MPG (44 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0BZ5LUB10113
    Stock: 2003772613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $20,590
    fair price
    $143 below market
    • 61,052 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 43 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 856 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    40 Combined MPG (43 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9DZ6LUC13655
    Stock: 2003689224
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $20,180
    fair price
    $219 above market
    • 51,854 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 44 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 1,818 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    41 Combined MPG (44 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0BZ1LUA37838
    Stock: LUA37838DW
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,998
    fair price
    $723 above market
    • 20,839 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 1,293 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0F65LUC66135
    Stock: 27433767
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 109,136 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Friendly Ford of Crosby (30 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Crosby, TX / 30 miles away from Spring, TX

    Certified. Star White Metallic Tri-Coat 2020 Ford Escape SEL FWD 8-Speed Automatic 1.5L EcoBoostRecent Arrival! 27/33 City/Highway MPGCertification Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0H62LUB45608
    Stock: LUB45608
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 17,242 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Crystal Auto Group (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 21 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G6XLUB65753
    Stock: B65753
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 19,897 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 906 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G66LUB77530
    Stock: 27246657
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,990
    fair price
    $492 above market
    • 23,277 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,583 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G64LUC37787
    Stock: 2003827444
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 88,949 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Greenway Mazda (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 25 miles away from Spring, TX

    23/31 City/Highway MPG 2020 Ford Escape SEL 18 Machined-Face Aluminum Wheels, 3.81 axle ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 6 Speakers, ABS brakes, Adaptive C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9H93LUA66415
    Stock: LUA66415
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,995
    fair price
    $66 below market
    • 30,932 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 1,476 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9J9XLUC39695
    Stock: 1279P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,590
    fair price
    $342 above market
    • 96,056 miles
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 927 miles away from Spring, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9G69LUB80040
    Stock: 2003638017
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 90,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Northwest Hyundai (9 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 9 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU9H63LUA58837
    Stock: LUA58837
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 24,202 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Amarillo, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Amarillo, TX / 514 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0F64LUC17945
    Stock: 26217277
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,932 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 27 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Waukesha, WI / 986 miles away from Spring, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0G63LUC47534
    Stock: 27146595
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 119,385 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Katy (21 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Katy, TX / 21 miles away from Spring, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FMCU0F77JUA58313
    Stock: K50009A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

Showing 694 - 714 out of 1,899 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Escape

Read recent reviews for the Ford Escape
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (34%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (19%)
  • 1 star
    (13%)
5 out of 5 stars

Hybird efficent, smooth handling, tech new styling

Bill Hamel, 06/30/2023
2023 Ford Escape ST-Line Elite 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid EVT)
I have owned my 2023 Escape ST-Elite Hybrid AWD for over a month now and I have put many highway miles on it, as well as city here in Chicago. I am comparing this to my recent 2021 Escape SE trade-in and my wife's 2018 Toyota RAV4. I like the Escape already more than the RAV4 even with the updated styling after 2019. I am pleasantly surprised by both the city and highway fuel economy. … Having an Atkinson cycle engine makes the power not as desirable, but the battery torque helps make up for that. The interior is amazing, with power controls on both front seats, plenty of easy to use tech, and enough room to move and haul around stuff up to 1,500lbs total (including passengers). I owned a 2021 Escape SE with 1.5L ecoboost and I can say that the iCVT transmission on the hybrid is MUCH smoother than the 8 speed auto. HIGHLY RECOMMEND THIS VEHICLE!
Report abuse

Used 2020 Ford Escape in Spring, TX Values

Estimated values
2020 Ford Escape SEL 4dr SUV AWD (1.5L 3cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$14,771$17,434$20,010
Clean$14,338$16,903$19,379
Average$13,615$16,019$18,328
Rough$12,676$14,869$16,962

The average list price of a used 2020 Ford Escape in Spring, Texas is $18,027. The average mileage on a used Ford Escape 2020 for sale in Spring, Texas is 54,625. Based on the average mileage of 54,625 for used 2020 Ford Escape for sale in Spring, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Escape 2020 in Spring, Texas to be $13,615.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.