Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
5,219 listings
    • 92,846 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Hills Auto Sales (475 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Salem, AR / 475 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK3K82GBB12381
    Stock: B12381
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2024

    • 37,997 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Ronnie Thompson Ford (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in East Ellijay, GA / 154 miles away from Columbus, GA

    21/28 City/Highway MPG Green Metallic 2024 Ford Edge Titanium AWD 8-Speed Automatic EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT LEATHER SEATS, MULTI-P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K94RBA02837
    Stock: P9819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 17,670 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Gold Key Auto (176 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Waycross, GA / 176 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. AWD. Iconic Silver Metallic 2024 Ford Edge ST Line AWD 8-Speed Automatic EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged V...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J92RBA13238
    Stock: A13238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-25-2024

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
    • 33,189 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Capital City Mitsubishi (144 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tallahassee, FL / 144 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AWD.21/28 City/Highway MPG Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!The second key, floor mats, and owner's manual may not be included in the sale pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K94RBA53318
    Stock: P1196
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • $12,950
    great price
    $3,949 below market
    • 48,039 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Paul Fulbright Used Cars (218 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 218 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Low miles. Locally owned. Great buy.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMTK3J86FBB64692
    Stock: B64692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 29,223 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Joe Bullard Ford (172 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Grove Hill, AL / 172 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Carbonized Gray Metallic 2024 Ford Edge EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT AWD 8-Speed Automatic Recent Arrival! ST Line Le...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J93RBB01991
    Stock: F01991P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 14,000 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Calvin Braxton Ford (386 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lockport, LA / 386 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J94RBA08767
    Stock: FT08767
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

    • 29,119 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Gen-X Motors (393 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 393 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J93RBA49035
    Stock: RBA49035
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 45,394 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Cook Chevrolet (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Elba, AL / 98 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J92RBA48393
    Stock: 6230P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 30,379 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Alexander Ford (138 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Boaz, AL / 138 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2024 Ford Edge Titanium AWD. +++ Carfax One Owner Vehicle +++ ActiveX Seating, Dual Power Seats, Heated & Cooled Front Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K97RBA02055
    Stock: 843879
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

    • 33,496 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Allen Turner Hyundai (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pensacola, FL / 193 miles away from Columbus, GA

    **ONE OWNER**, **NON-SMOKER**, BACKUP CAMERA, BLUETOOTH, HANDS-FREE, CD PLAYER / MP3 PLAYER, CRUISE CONTROL, HEATED SEATS, KEYLESS ENTRY, LEATHER SEAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J93RBA70905
    Stock: AA70905
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

    • 13,345 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Bayird Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (369 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Blytheville, AR / 369 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This 2024 Ford Edge SEL is offered to you for sale by Bayird Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram of Blytheville. In their original incarnation, SUVs were chiefly ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J99RBA67460
    Stock: BU6601
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 39,110 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Joe Bullard Ford (172 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Grove Hill, AL / 172 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Carbonized Gray Metallic 2024 Ford Edge EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT AWD 8-Speed Automatic Recent Arrival! SEL Leathe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J91RBA67727
    Stock: F67727P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

    • 80,201 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 716 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K85GBB03020
    Stock: 27267979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 31,333 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Budget Car and Truck Sales of Columbus (4 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, GA / 4 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J90RBA70473
    Stock: N/A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

    • 23,925 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Kinston (462 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kinston, NC / 462 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J91RBA72183
    Stock: KK0413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

    • 25,681 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 654 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J98RBA71516
    Stock: 2003428171
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 9,613 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Homer Skelton Ford of Millington (346 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Millington, TN / 346 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.2024 Ford Edge Titanium Star White Metallic Tri-Coat EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT 8-Spee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4K98RBA03389
    Stock: TP6550B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 24,000 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Karl Malone Ford (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in El Dorado, AR / 452 miles away from Columbus, GA

    This NEW 2024 Forged Green Metallic Ford Edge SE EcoBoost 2.0L I4 GTDi DOHC Turbocharged VCT 8-Speed Automatic AWD is well equipped and includes these...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4G91RBA84194
    Stock: 10187
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 31,131 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Legacy Nissan of London (324 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in London, KY / 324 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Thank you for choosing Legacy Nissan, this 2024 Ford Edge ST-Line is a great choice! Check out the following information:No Accidents! One Owner! City...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK4J98RBB01937
    Stock: U10157
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 128,229 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carnugo (354 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 354 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2FMPK3G9XGBC34651
    Stock: C34651
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2025

Showing 4,138 - 4,158 out of 5,219 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Edge

Read recent reviews for the Ford Edge
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars71 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 71 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
4 out of 5 stars

I'd give the car a 4.5 out of 5

eighthof8, 07/08/2020
2020 Ford Edge SEL 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
We purchased our 2020 Edge SEL new. It now has 2,000 miles on the clock. It's an overall great car. I don't suppose any car is totally perfect, so here are my cons: 1. The brake pedal sits too low to the floor which makes it unable to stretch out your limbs on a long trip. 2. Ford made a weird hump where your left foot rests; very uncomfortable 3. Your right knee, at least in my … case, rests against the hard plastic console when having your foot on the accelerator. 4. Ford could do a little better in some areas with panel fit and finish. I should mention that "all" vehicles from luxury to mid-priced we looked at had a few problems in this area. Pros: 1. Almost everything! 2. In our opinion it's the best looking SUV made. 3. Lots of power. 4. First car we've owned with semi-autonomous driving, lane keeping assist, and cross traffic alert. Ford did an outstanding job with these safety features; all vehicles should be mandated to have them. 5. Seats are very comfortable. With all the options on the power seats you can tweak them to get them just right. 6. Easy entry and exit from the doors for those of us that are calorie challenged. 7. Love the little extras like running your foot underneath the rear bumper to open the tailgate. 8. And this is a biggie: Ford offers key-less entry by using a keypad on the drivers door pillar. You can lock the unlock the door using the keypad enabling us to leave the fob in car all the time.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Ford Edge in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2016 Ford Edge Titanium 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,874$14,718$18,129
Clean$9,448$14,063$17,298
Average$8,739$12,972$15,913
Rough$7,817$11,554$14,113

The average list price of a used 2016 Ford Edge in Columbus, Georgia is $28,710. The average mileage on a used Ford Edge 2016 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 38,949. Based on the average mileage of 38,949 for used 2016 Ford Edge for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Edge 2016 in Columbus, Georgia to be $8,739.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.